Training your cat to walk with a harness and leash is an excellent option if you want your kitty to enjoy outdoor adventures. However, the first time many cats wear a harness, they simply fall over on their side. But why does this happen?

Generally, cats fall over because the harness feels like being grabbed by a predator. Falling over and freezing is an instinctive survival response. If you want your cat to learn to walk on a leash, you must help them overcome this instant reaction.

In this article, you’ll learn why wearing a harness can cause your cat to fall over. Plus, we’ll give you tips on teaching your cat to wear a harness and how to prepare them for spending time outside.

Getting to the Root of the Harness Response

Take a look at where your cat’s harness places pressure on their body. Most of the time, much of the pressure falls between the shoulder blades and around the chest. For adult cats, being grabbed or held in this area can be a traumatic experience.

Mother cats regularly carry their babies by the scruff of their necks. At that age, being scruffed triggers the kitten to relax. However, adult cats lose this instinct as they grow.

Adult cats are typically only grabbed by the scruff during mating or by a predator, which can be a stressful experience. With this knowledge, it makes sense why a cat might react to a harness by freezing and falling over.

Teaching Your Cat to Wear a Harness

So, how do you help your cat overcome their natural fear and learn to wear a harness? The answer is usually A) slowly and B) with a lot of treats!

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Preparing Your Cat to Spend Time Outside

Training your cat to wear a harness is only one step in the process of preparing your cat to spend time outside. The first thing you should do is make sure your pet is current on their vaccinations and appropriate parasite prevention. Talk to your vet about whether your cat is healthy enough to handle outdoor exercise, especially if they’re older or overweight.

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For indoor cats, the world outside can be overwhelming at first. The sights, sounds, and smells outside are far more stimulating than those found in the safety of a house. Even the most well-adjusted cat may be frightened the first few times they venture outside.

To help ease your cat into the outdoors, try letting them spend time on a screened porch or in a “catio.” These enclosed areas help your cat feel secure while introducing them to the stimulation of the outside world. Portable cat yards or tents are another option if more permanent structures aren’t available.

By the time you take your cat outside wearing a harness and leash, they should be comfortable and confident with the stimulation they’ll encounter there.

Conclusion

Despite what you might think, cats don’t fall over in a harness simply to provide you with viral social media content. Instead, they react this way because the harness triggers a survival response like they were grabbed by a predator. With patience and training, your cat can learn to overcome this reaction. Remember, not every cat will enjoy walking on a harness and leash. Consider your cat’s personality carefully before attempting to turn them into an adventurous kitty.

• See also: Are Emotional Support Vests Necessary for Cats? Recommendations & FAQs

Featured Image Credit: Sari ONeal, Shutterstock

The post Why Do Cats Fall Over in a Harness? Facts & Outdoor Tips by Catster Editorial Team appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Picture this scene—you’re home after a long day at work and finally ready to slip into bed and head off to dreamland. You throw the covers back, only to find a large wet spot; your cat has peed on your bed! Felines are usually pretty good about using their litter boxes, but sometimes cats can engage in inappropriate elimination, and it can absolutely put a strain on your relationship with kitty, especially if it’s reoccurring.

So, how do you stop your cat from peeing on your bed? Well, the first thing to do is to determine why they’re peeing on your bed in the first place. While they could be doing so because of a behavioral problem, they could also be dealing with a medical issue, so figuring out the reason will help eliminate the behavior. Here’s a look at why cats pee on beds and how you can stop yours from doing so.

Why Do Cats Pee on Beds

Felines pee on beds (and in other inappropriate places) for a few reasons. Here’s a closer look at what those are.

Problems with the Litter Box

Cats spend a fair amount of time in the litter box, so they’re picky about the kind of litter used in the box and where it is placed. If your cat’s litter box isn’t up to their standards, they will find somewhere else to use the bathroom. This will also happen if you aren’t cleaning out the litter box as often or as well as is needed.

Anxiety

Cats can suffer from anxiety, just like people can, only they have different ways of dealing with it. One of those ways could very well be peeing on the bed. How does that help? When your cat urinates, they leave behind pheromones that they find comforting, which makes the bed a safer place for them. Why would a cat be anxious? A cat can suffer anxiety for any number of reasons, including a move to a new home, a new person or pet in the house, fireworks, loud noises, construction, etc.

Old Age

Cats who are older can often suffer from joint issues that make it more difficult for them to get up and down or in and out of things. For some cats, getting up on the bed (especially if there’s a ramp or kitty stairs) could be simpler than getting in and out of the litter box. Older felines may also suffer cognitive decline as they age, which could cause them not to remember where the litter box is, resulting in them locating the next best flat surface, which could be your bed.

Health Issues

There are a plethora of health conditions or illnesses that could cause a cat to pee on your bed. Some of these include feline idiopathic cystitis, urinary tract infections, diabetes, kidney disease, bladder stones, and incontinence.

The 8 Tips and Tricks to Stop Your Cat From Peeing on Your Bed

Stopping your cat from peeing on your bed can take some time and patience. Once you have worked out the underlying cause of the behavior, typically changes to several aspects of your cat’s care and home environment are needed. Here are some tips and tricks to help you out!

1. Veterinary Check-Up

When dealing with any form of inappropriate elimination, it’s important to rule out any underlying medical conditions. Book a consult with your vet who will examine your cat and may recommend other tests such as bloodwork, urine tests or imaging. If your cat is diagnosed with a medical condition then following your vet’s prescribed treatment plan is essential to stop your cat from peeing on your bed.

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2. Fix the Litter Box

Think your kitty has problems with the location of the litter box, the kind of litter being used, or how it’s being cleaned? Then, fix the issue! There will be some guesswork here, as you’ll likely need to try a few different types of litter to discover which your cat likes best or move the litter box around until you find the perfect place for it. One thing to remember when moving a litter box is that it can’t be too close to your pet’s food and water, and it shouldn’t be in a noisy area.

When cleaning the litter box, ensure you scoop it each day and replace the litter fully once a week. If you have multiple cats in your home, you should have one litter box per cat, plus one extra, scattered around your house. Also, if cats with joint issues are having difficulty getting in and out of the litter box, get a lower litter box for them.

3. Stress-Proof Your Home

Okay, you probably can’t completely stress-proof your home, but if you know what’s causing your kitty to be anxious, you may be able to remove the stressor. Of course, this won’t work with something like a new baby in the house or a move to a new home; in those cases, it’s a matter of giving your pet time to get used to the changes that have occurred and giving them a safe place they can retreat to if needed. Hopefully once they are used to them, they should return to normal behaviors. If you can remove a stressor, though, the behavior should clear up more quickly.

4. Synthetic Pheromones

Synthetic pheromones, like Feliway, are available as diffusers and sprays and mimic the natural pheromones that cat’s produce when they feel safe and secure. After making sure your cat’s toileting areas are up to scratch you can add a Feliway diffuser to the room your cat spends most time in to help them feel calm and reassured.

5. Interact With Your Cat More Often

Make time each day to play with your cat! Playtime helps cats de-stress and feel less anxious. Plus, it’s a fantastic way to bond with your pet, which will also make them happier and more relaxed.

6. Use an Enzymatic Cleaner

Chances are you’re throwing your bed linens straight into the wash when your cat pees on your bed. Don’t do that, though! Before you launder anything, spray where your cat peed with an enzymatic cleaner. These kinds of cleaners remove any lingering urine odor, so your pet doesn’t smell the urine later and thinks it’s a great place to pee again. It’s an extra step in the process, but it’ll help in the long run.

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7. Spray Your Bed With a Scent Kitty Hates

If nothing else seems to be working, you could try deterrents to try and discourage the behavior for example by spraying your comforter with a scent your cat hates to make it less appealing to them. Commercial sprays are available and cats tend to dislike citrus scents. Of course, you’ll need to find a scent you can live with if you take this route! Although using scents that your cat finds unpleasant may help in the short term, if you haven’t addressed the root cause of the inappropriate elimination it’s likely you’ll find the behavior recurs, even if it’s in a different location.

8. Close the Door to Your Bedroom

Finally, the simplest way to keep your cat from peeing on your bed is to restrict access and close the bedroom door! While addressing other factors, shut your bedroom door, and don’t let your cat sleep on the bed. They may end up going back to the litter box if you do this or decide to pee on the couch or floor next, but at least your bed will be safe.

Conclusion

Felines will pee on your bed for a variety of reasons, many of them medical. However, if you can determine the cause of your kitty no longer using the litter box, you should be able to remedy the issue. Start with ruling out health concerns with a trip to your vet and addressing any litter box issues. Solving this problem can take time and patience, but you should avoid any form of punishment which will only make the situation worse and your cat more stressed.  If the problem persists it can also be helpful to seek the help of a veterinary behaviorist.

Featured Image Credit: Creative Cat Studio, Shutterstock

The post How to Stop My Cat From Peeing on My Bed: 8 Vet-Verified Tips & Tricks by Misty Layne appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Cats are capable of doing many things that leave us feeling bewildered and scratching our heads. It’s often challenging to figure out if something that’s strange to us is actually normal for cats.

When it comes to eating cat litter, we can safely say that this isn’t normal behavior no matter how much your cat tries to make it seem normal. Eating cat litter is often associated with an underlying health issue that requires medical attention. Here are a few possible reasons why your cat may be eating cat litter and what you can do to help them stop this behavior.

The 10 Reasons That Cats Eat Cat Litter

1. Pica

Pica refers to a condition where cats will chew or eat inedible materials and objects. Cats with pica are known to eat items like cardboard, plants, soil, and wood. They may also develop a habit of eating cat litter.

Pica can be caused by a variety of factors, it can be seen as a sign of an underlying medical condition or it can be a behavioral problem. Some medical conditions that have been linked to pica include endocrine diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, and parasitic infections.

2. Dietary Deficiency

Sometimes, cats can start to eat cat litter and other materials due to a nutrient deficiency. They do this in an attempt to compensate for any essential nutrients that they lack in their daily diet. Therefore, it’s important to seek advice from your vet and ensure your cat is eating high-quality cat food and eating appropriate portions. Making healthy adjustments to their diet may put an end to your cat’s litter-eating habit.

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3. Anemia

Anemia can be related to nutrient deficiencies, in particular iron deficiency, so some anemic cats may start to eat cat litter. Riboflavin, vitamin B12, and niacin deficiencies can also cause anemia.

Other signs of anemia include low energy, little stamina, pale gums, and lethargy. After a cat has been restored to health and any nutrient deficiency has been addressed, the cat litter-eating behavior usually goes away.

4. Curiosity

Cats are curious animals, so they might just be interested in playing with and tasting cat litter. Cat litter may feel fun or have a unique texture that cats want to taste. In most cases of curiosity, your cat will usually taste cat litter a couple of times before they become disinterested. So, if your cat continues to eat cat litter on multiple occasions, it’s safe to say that it’s not because they’re curious about it.

5. Flavor

Sometimes, cats can enjoy the flavor of their cat litter and develop a liking for it. This usually happens when their cat litter is made with natural materials like grass, wheat, or corn husks.

If your cat likes the flavor of their cat litter, you can try switching to another cat litter that’s made with a different material. You can also try providing them with cat grass as a safe alternative.

6. Coprophagia

Coprophagia refers to a condition that causes cats to eat their own feces. Cats with coprophagia may look like they’re eating cat litter, but they’re actually eating their own poop.

Coprophagia is often a sign of another underlying health condition, such as malnutrition, colitis, or dementia. Therefore, it’s important to get your cat your veterinarian if they start to eat their own poop.

7. Boredom

Cats who feel bored or stressed out may resort to eating cat litter. Eating litter may be a way for bored cats to feel stimulated, or it may be a habit that cats develop when they’re feeling stressed out or anxious.

Ensuring your cat gets enough exercise and playtime can help alleviate boredom. Providing mentally stimulating activities like treat dispenser toys can also prevent boredom. Alleviating boredom can cause your cat’s litter eating habit to go away on its own.

8. Hyperthyroidism

Sometimes, cats with hyperthyroidism may start to eat cat litter. The high levels of thyroid hormone can increase a cat’s appetite and metabolism, which can lead them to eating inedible objects like cat litter.

Hyperthyroidism is the most common endocrine disease in cats, and it’s most prevalent in older cats. Other signs of hyperthyroidism are weight loss, drinking more than usual, poor body condition, and an enlarged thyroid gland.

9. Brain Tumors

Brain tumors are a rare type of cancer and an uncommon cause of a cat eating litter. However, brain tumors can affect a cat’s behavior depending on their location and it’s possible for them to increase hunger.

Older cats who are over 10 years old have a higher risk of developing a brain tumor.

10. Intestinal Parasites

It’s not entirely clear what the link between intestinal parasites and pica is, but some cats with intestinal parasites such as worms will also develop pica. Cats may become continuously hungry, which can cause them to start eating inedible items.

Treatment will vary since there are different types of intestinal parasites. Once your cat is free from an intestinal parasite infestation, their pica also usually goes away.

Is It Safe for Cats to Eat Cat Litter?

It’s not safe for cats to eat cat litter, so it’s important to find effective solutions to prevent them from eating it. Some cat litter isn’t safe for consumption and can cause intestinal blockages. Clumping clay litter and silica litter are both types of cat litter that are particularly unsafe for consumption. It’s usually okay if a small amount gets in your cat’s mouth, but eating large amounts will cause complications in the gastrointestinal system.

Eating cat litter is also unsanitary. Ingesting parasites and bacteria from dirty cat litter can lead to gastrointestinal problems.

How to Prevent Cats from Eating Cat Litter

The first step to preventing your cat from eating cat litter is to take your cat to your veterinarian. Since eating cat litter is often associated with a medical issue, it’s important to get your cat in for a physical exam. Your veterinarian may also run diagnostic tests to find the reason behind your cat’s litter-eating behavior. If your veterinarian finds a diagnosis, they’ll be able to provide a treatment plan to help your cat return to good health. In many cases, cats will stop eating cat litter once they’ve gotten better.

If your cat continues to eat cat litter, try switching to a different brand or type of cat litter. This can make the cat litter less palatable to your cat and discourage them from eating it. Make sure to also play with your cat regularly and distract them with another activity if you find them going to their litter box to eat cat litter.

Conclusion

Cats can start to eat cat litter for a variety of reasons, but this behavior is often tied to a health issue. Therefore, it’s best to get your cat to your veterinarian as soon as possible if you notice that they’re starting to eat cat litter. Your veterinarian can help you understand what’s causing this behavior and how you can prevent it from occurring.

Along with getting your cat medical help, it’s important to ensure they’re living a healthy lifestyle that consists of a nutritious diet, adequate amounts of exercise, and mentally stimulating activities. Prioritizing your cat’s wellness can prevent them from eating cat litter and developing other unsafe or unhealthy habits.

Featured Image Credit: Oleg Opryshko, Shutterstock

The post Why Is My Cat Eating Cat Litter? 10 Vet-Reviewed Reasons by Jessica Kim appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Although cats have lived with humans for millennia, they still do many things that leave us feeling puzzled or confused. One behavior that can surprise or shock new cat owners is a cat’s tendency to show their butt when they start to feel comfortable around them.

While this behavior may be strange to us, it’s quite normal in cats. We can only guess why they do this based on what we already know about feline behavior. Here are six possible reasons your cat may show you their butt.

The 6 Reasons Why Cats Show You Their Butt

1.  Greeting

Similar to dogs, cats can show each other their butts when they’re greeting each other. They have glands near their butt that contain scent information. Cats also tend to have their tails pointing straight up to show that they’re friendly. A relaxed loose body with attentive ears is the body language of a cat giving a greeting.

2. Affection

While it may not be the most desirable action, cats can show their butt as a sign of affection. Cats often show affection to each other by rubbing their bodies against each other. They start with their head and end with their tail. Your cat will also rub against you if they like you. Since they start from head to tail, you’ll usually end up with their butt facing you.

3. Nonthreatening Behavior

Another reason why cats will show their butts is to communicate that they’re not a threat. They’re letting you know that they mean no harm and have no intention of attacking you.

In contrast, agitated or aggressive cats won’t turn their backs towards you. They’ll have a stiff posture, and their hair will be raised to make themselves look bigger. Some cats may crouch and flatten their ears. Cats can also vocalize their agitation by growling or yowling.

4. Trust

Cats are observant and watchful. They won’t turn their backs on people they’re wary of or don’t trust. Therefore, if your cat has their butt facing you while they’re lounging or sleeping, it’s a sign that they really trust you.

Cats often show other signs that they trust you, but you won’t really catch them unless you understand cat behavior. Some other strange but normal ways that cats show trust are if they start to follow you around everywhere, expose their bellies, or headbutt you.

5. Wanting Attention

Cats are experts at knowing how to get our attention. Most cats like a good scratch above the tail so this could be what your cat is after when they show their butt.  Alsoo, if you give a particularly strong response whenever your cat shows you their butt, they’ll learn that it’s an effective way to get your attention. Laughing, showing surprise, or even showing disgust are all ways you may be reinforcing this behavior. Therefore, if you want to see a decrease in this behavior, it’s best not to make a big deal out of it or reward with a scratch.

6. Females in Heat

Female cats that are in heat may raise their butts to attract a mate. They can also flick their tails to signal to male cats that they’re ready to mate. Other signs that a female cat is in heat are increased loud vocalizations, rolling around the floor, and showing increased affection.

Cats that are ready to mate are more susceptible to roaming. Therefore, it’s important to keep a close eye on them and ensure all doors and windows are shut securely to prevent them from leaving their home.

Is It Okay if My Cat Shows Her Butt?

For the most part, your cat will be engaging in normal behavior if they show you their butt. Exposing their rear end isn’t really a sign or symptom of a medical issue. However, if you’re worried the best course of action is to discuss the behavior with a vet.

Since showing their butt is often a sign of affection and trust, you don’t really have to be concerned. However, if it’s becoming too much, you can do some things to train your cat to engage in this behavior less frequently. For example, it’s important to minimize your reaction so that your cat starts to learn that this behavior doesn’t garner your attention. You can also redirect them to doing something else whenever they start to expose their rear end or sit on you. Some ways you can redirect them are to walk away or distract them with a toy.

Conclusion

When a cat shows you their butt, they’re usually letting you know that they like and trust you. They may also do this when they want to receive attention. In most cases, cats won’t show their butt so frequently that it becomes bothersome, and it’s something that cat owners get used to eventually. However, if it does become too disruptive, you can work on retraining and redirecting your cat to do something else to reduce the frequency of this behavior.

• See also: Why Is My Cat’s Butt Red? Common Reasons

Featured Image Credit: RJ22, Shutterstock

The post Why Do Cats Show You Their Butt? 6 Vet-Reviewed Reasons by Jessica Kim appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Welcoming a new kitty to the family is exciting for the humans in the household. The other resident cats? Maybe not so much. While some cats get along instantly, others need some time to warm up to one another.

It’s entirely normal for your cats to hiss when they first meet and even for days following. While most people consider hissing to be a sign of aggression, it’s actually just another form of communication your cats have with one another (and with their humans).

While hissing is pretty standard for cats when exposed to something (or someone) new, you’re probably wondering how much you should tolerate. Read on to learn more about why cats hiss in the first place and what you can do to help your pets become comfortable with each other.

How Much Hissing Should Be Expected When Introducing Cats?

As mentioned in our introduction, hissing is entirely normal behavior to notice in both your new kitty and the resident cats in your home. Your cats may hiss or even swat at each other for several weeks until they’ve had the time to really get to know one another.

Hissing on its own isn’t aggressive, but it can be your pet’s way of laying the ground rules for  this new animal taking up their space. Think of hisses as a defensive gesture, as cats feeling threatened in some way are more likely to hiss. It’s your cat’s way of expressing discomfort, fear, or stress. Hissing on its own isn’t usually cause for action, but if aggressive behaviors or postures accompany your cat’s hisses, you’ll need to carefully intervene. Growling, hair standing on end, tense muscles, and pinned ears may all indicate aggressive behavior.

Why Do New Cats Hiss at Each Other?

1. Their Routine Is Disrupted

Whether you realize it or not, your resident cats are absolutely creatures of habit. They don’t typically like change and can feel very anxious, stressed out, and confused when new additions are brought into the home. Your resident cats may need a little more attention than usual when you get a new pet.

2. They Feel Trapped

If you’re rushing to introduce your resident cats to your new fur baby, you may inadvertently be making both parties feel trapped. Your resident cats need time to get used to the idea of sharing their space with another being, while your new kitty is likely already feeling stressed from being placed in a new home. If you’re forcing your pets to meet when stress is already high, it can make your pets more prone to hissing and even aggressive behaviors.

When introducing your pets, be sure never to block the exit so they know they can leave and go to their safe space without intrusion. Also, give them time to come to each other rather than you pushing them together. Allowing them to interact on their own time may help smooth the process.

3. They Feel Their Space Is Being Encroached Upon

Another potential reason your resident cat is hissing is that they feel their space is being encroached upon. They have, after all, had your home to themselves for their entire life, so it makes sense why they’d be reluctant to share their things with your new pet.

Hissing can be an effective way to establish or reinforce the social hierarchy among the cats in your home. Dominant cats will sometimes hiss to assert their position over others. Other territorial behaviors dominant cats engage in include hoarding toys, scratching objects to mark their territory, urine spraying, growling, and instigating fights.

4. They’re Setting Boundaries

Cats are notoriously territorial and will sometimes hiss at one another as a way to establish boundaries and to establish their authority. A hiss is a fast and effective tool your resident cat can use to tell the newcomer to stop trespassing.

What Should I Do if My Cats Are Hissing at Each Other?

There are some other things you can do if the hissing isn’t dissipating as quickly as you’d like it to.

Sit It Out

Since hissing on its own is just a form of communication, you don’t need to do anything—at least not right away. If the hissing is constant and doesn’t die down after a few minutes, separate the cats and give them time to calm down. Of course, if aggressive behaviors or postures accompany the hisses, you’ll need to intervene as soon as possible to prevent a fight.

Introduce Them Slowly

Introductions need to be done very slowly and deliberately. There is a process for introducing cats to one another, and if you rush it, you’re potentially putting your pets at risk as they may be more likely to be aggressive with one another.

The cat showing the most fear and mistrust should set the pace for the introduction. Remember that the process can be long, depending on your pet’s personality. It can take several days, weeks, or even months for your cats to learn to live harmoniously alongside one another.

Don’t Be Afraid to Do Reintroductions

If you’ve rushed the introductory period and now your cats are hissing at each other all day long or even fighting, it’s okay to separate them and begin the whole process all over again.

Provide Enough Resources

Aggression and hissing can sometimes be the result of your cat’s feeling they have to share their resources. For this reason, you must ensure each of your pets has access to their own things. Each should have their own litter box, plus one. So, if you have three cats, you’ll need four litter boxes. They should also each have their own food bowl. Make sure you have enough toys, scratching posts, and sleeping spots to go around, too.

Final Thoughts

If you’re in the midst of the introductory process, pulling out your hair, and wondering, how long can the hissing actually last, know this is likely to be just a short blip in the lives of your kitties. Hissing is an entirely normal response in cats, especially when they’re put into a new or stressful situation. When you’re bringing a new cat into your home, you’re inevitably placing stress on both your new pet and the resident cats, so some degree of hissing should be expected until they get to know one another.

Your cats need time to become accustomed to these living conditions. This is why it’s so important to introduce a new cat very slowly and deliberately. Let your kitties set the pace for the introductions, and never rush the process.

Featured Image Credit: Gurkan Ergun, Shutterstock

The post How Much Hissing Is Normal When Introducing Cats? What to Tolerate & Guide (Vet-Reviewed) by Chantelle Fowler appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

You might be quite impressed with your cat’s ability to check out a tub of litter one time and know exactly what to do with it. Why can’t dogs be like that? Even though we’re super impressed with our felines’ bathroom habits, one must wonder—why do cats need a litter box?

And what causes them to just know what they’re doing when they see one? It’s called instincts. Despite our cats being some of the most fearsome predators of their size, they still want to hide from animals bigger and higher up on the food chain than they are. So they bury their urine and feces as a way to hide their scent. In the wild, they may use dirt, sand, leaves, etc., to cover their tracks, but domesticated cats just use a littler box.

Here are some reasons that cats use litter boxes when other animals don’t.

Cats Use Litter Boxes Instinctually

So, if you ever have a kitten blow your mind by being litter trained by round one—it’s to be expected, but not always guaranteed. One thing is for sure, kittens and cats come with built-in wiring to cover their waste.

Out in nature, cats can have many predators to watch out for. Some examples might include dogs, coyotes, bobcats, mountain lions, eagles, and many other larger animals. If these animals can smell cats’ already-strong droppings, they might be hot on their trail.

This is something that a lot of other animals don’t have to worry about, such as dogs, for instance. For the most part, dogs tend to be larger than cats and are more of a force to be reckoned with when it comes to predators than cats are. Dogs tend to mark an area with urine or feces in an obvious way, in order to make it obvious to other animals that they were there, whereas cats want to hide the fact that they were there.

Of course, most domestic cats never have to worry about getting eaten by a predator. They are too busy snoozing in their favorite sunny window to fathom getting eaten.

Regardless of our cats present day, humans have certainly gotten lucky that our cats prefer the coverage. Otherwise living with them could be quite challenging.

Cats Are Masters of Hygiene

Cats absolutely love keeping clean and they spend many hours a day grooming their beautiful coats. They don’t want any dirtiness clinging to them, so they meticulously stroke their coats to remove any debris. In fact, they spend up to 50% of their day keeping up with baths.

They also want to use a litter box for the same reason. It keeps all their waste in one place and keeps the other areas where they live clean. So, it should make you feel good to know that cats are very clean animals, despite any setbacks with litter training.

In actuality, if a cat is refusing to use the litter box, it can be because there’s a problem with some aspect of the litter box. It could be too dirty and need to be changed, or they just don’t like the litter or the litter box for some reason.

Cats Use Waste for Communication

While cats can definitely hide their poop like a pro, they also use their waste to communicate with one another— for social and mating purposes. Our cats can learn so much information about others just by giving their waste a good sniff. So, in some cases, they may not hide their waste if they have a reason to communicate with other cats. They may be looking for a mate, or want to reinforce their territory.

Tips for Cat Litter Training

Even though cats are very smart and just know to use the potty like a baby bird knows to eat a worm, not all will pick it up with ease. Some cats have trouble due to several different factors—but most can be summed up in the simple terms of every kitty is different.

Even if it seems like your cat picked up litter training, there are still a few measures you can put in place to ensure that it sticks. If you are having issues convincing your cat to use the box, here are a few tips.

1. Start Small

At first, you won’t want to give your cat access to the full house. Partial access is fine, but realistically you will want a small space with a floor that is well-protected or at least easy to clean (like wood or laminate).

Allowing your kitten too much space at first can certainly create room for secret accidents you don’t find until much later.

2. Have an Easily Accessible Litter Box

Buying a litter box might seem like a no brainer but your little tyke might appreciate some help. If you get a lower litter box with an easy access point, it can help your cat remember where it is and make climbing in a breeze. Don’t put the litter box too out of the way or in noisy areas.

Some folks choose to use small cardboard boxes or tin trays the first few weeks to create an easily disposable open concept for training. Ultimately, it is whatever is easiest for your cat.

3. Buy the Right Litter

There are tons of different litter box materials on the market right now.

Ultimately, the type of litter will depend on your goal. Do you want a litter that’s natural? Easy to clump? You have options! But at first, it might be easier if your kitten learned with clay. Clay is very attractive to cats because of its texture and coverage abilities.

Some cats can be picky about litter though, so if your cat isn’t using the litter despite the box being clean and easily accessible, they could prefer a different litter type. They also usually like the litter to be a few inches deep. You might have to experiment with different litters to find one your cat likes.

4. Use Positive Reinforcement

Like dogs, cats can respond well to rewards when training. If you catch your cat doing the right thing, offer them a treat. When they start to associate using the litter box with a tasty snack, they are more likely to repeat this behavior in the future. Mosty likely, you will find your cat using the litter without much prompting but if you’re having trouble, placing them in the litter box after a nap or a meal can help. At these times cats are more likely to need to “go”.

5. Keep the Litter Clean

Being fastidiously hygienic animals, cats won’t want to use a dirty litter box. A scoop out at least once a day and refreshing the litter will keep the box in acceptable condition for your cat. Every week or so you should give the litter tray a complete clean out, including washing with soap and water.

6. Increase Range

Once it seems like your cat has it down, you can slowly allow them access to the rest of the house. They will be able to navigate around and still find their litter box. However, if you see a regression, it might be a good idea to limit things again until they get the hand of it.

Litter Box Regression

If it seems like your cat is going backward, don’t fret. Some litter box regression during training can be normal, but it’s best to get a handle on it. Keep in mind that there is a major difference between litter box regression and other bathroom problems—like marking territory, stress-related issues, and medical problems. If you notice your cat straining, urinating in strage places, or blood in the urine you are probably dealing with a medical problem and should book a veterinary appointment.

Speak To a Vet Online From the Comfort of Your Couch!

If you need to speak with a vet but can’t get to one, head over to PangoVet. It’s an online service where you can talk to a vet online and get the personalized advice you need for your pet — all at an affordable price!

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If your cat has reached roughly 6 months of age and you start noticing their urine is a bit strong, they are likely reaching sexual maturity and might very well be spraying—male or female. Spray can be difficult to remove from surfaces and fabrics (and sometimes impossible if it is allowed to build up and your cat repeatedly sprays on a certain area).

The Importance of Spaying and Neutering on Time

When your kitten is growing up, spay and neuter surgery is going to be a hot topic of discussion early on. Not only is it best to prevent unwanted pregnancy and reproduction, but it also curbs otherwise challenging behaviors your cat will develop.

Both heat cycles and male hormones can create household chaos. It can ruin your belongings and make coexisting with your pet difficult.

Many have a misconception that this surgery will cure any and all issues related to spraying. Unfortunately, that’s just not true. While it might calm down the issue, it may never cure it completely especially if you prolong the spay or neuter surgery and your cat makes a habit of it. But the sooner you have the surgery performed, the better chance you’ll have of breaking the habit.

Conclusion

How lucky are we to have capable, intelligent felines terrified of a predator catching a whiff of their poop? It doesn’t matter why in reality; it just matters that it’s super cool our cats need very little to no guidance on bathroom etiquette.

Just remember, even though cats are easy to house train, they can still develop bad behaviors once they reach sexual maturity. If you haven’t done so already, call your vet to schedule a spay/neuter procedure!

Featured Image Credit: Lightspruch, Shutterstock

The post Why Do Cats Use Litter Boxes? Vet-Verified Facts & FAQ by Ashley Bates appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Cats often engage in behaviors that leave us feeling puzzled or confused. Even though we might find them to be strange, many of these behaviors are normal for cats. New cat owners may be surprised by just how much their cats will rub their faces against corners, objects, and even people. However, this action is common feline behavior, and you don’t usually have to be alarmed by it.

While it’s not completely certain why cats will rub their cheeks against corners, cat behaviorists and experts do share a few common speculations. Here are a few possible reasons why your cat may rub their face on corners.

The 5 Reasons Why Cats Rub Their Faces on Corners

1. Marking Territory

One of the most widely accepted theories for cats rubbing their faces on corners is that they’re leaving their scent on objects. Cats use scents to communicate, and they have scent glands located around their cheeks. When cats rub their faces on objects, they leave behind a scent that other cats can detect. Cats can pick up information about other cats when they sniff these scents.

Cats may tend to prefer rubbing their cheeks against corners because corners provide the best grip for them. Rubbing their faces against flat walls can be more difficult, so they’ll usually opt for wall and furniture corners.

2. Greeting

It’s common for cats to greet each other by rubbing their faces. This behavior enables them to exchange scents and learn more about each other. If your cat starts to feel comfortable and likes you, they can start to rub their cheeks against you as soon as you return home to them. You can take this as a sign that your cat is greeting you and wanting to let you know that they like that you’re home.

It’s important to note that not all cats will engage in this behavior with humans. So, you don’t have to be too concerned if your cat doesn’t rub their cheeks against you. They’re probably showing you love and affection through other means and expressions.

3. Wanting Attention

Cats are observant animals and are quick to know what sorts of behaviors grab your attention. Therefore, if you have a habit of giving your cat attention when they rub against you, they’re more likely to continue this behavior. This behavior is reinforced each time you acknowledge your cat when they rub their face against you. Consequently, many cats will start to rub their cheeks against their owners when they’re bored, hungry, or feeling lonely.

4. Showing Affection

Your cat may also rub their cheeks against you as a means of showing affection. Similar to marking territory, cats leave their scent on people by rubbing their cheeks against them. Rather than seeing it as possessiveness, you can receive this behavior as a compliment. Cats won’t rub their cheeks against people they don’t trust or don’t like. So, you can take it as a sign that your cat likes you and sees you as one of their own if they start to rub their cheeks against you.

5. Stress Relief

The act of rubbing faces against something often feels comforting and relaxing for cats. So, they may engage in this behavior when they want to relax or self-soothe. Sometimes, cats will begin to rub their faces against something when they’re feeling stressed or anxious and want to calm down.

Cats also usually start to rub their cheeks against things when they settle down and feel comfortable in a home. In this context, you can take this behavior as a good sign that indicates your cat acknowledges that your home is also their home.

Is It Bad if My Cat Rubs Their Faces on Everything?

While rubbing faces on objects and people is common behavior in cats, there are some cases when it can indicate an underlying problem. Sometimes, rubbing faces can become a compulsive behavior, which is usually caused by a disease or mental health issue. For example, cats can start to rub their faces and press their head against things repeatedly when they have trauma to the head or nervous system, encephalitis, or tumors. Cats may also resort to compulsive head pressing if they’re under a lot of stress or have anxiety.

Compulsive behavior of this sort is also often accompanied by other signs. Your cat may also display increased pacing or circling. They may also become disoriented or lack coordination. Sometimes, you might notice sudden changes in mood or behavior.

If you suspect your cat’s behavior is abnormal, it’s best to contact your veterinarian right away for a physical examination. Your veterinarian can diagnose the cause of the behavior and provide the appropriate treatment.

Speak To a Vet Online From the Comfort of Your Couch!

If you need to speak with a vet but can’t get to one, head over to PangoVet. It’s an online service where you can talk to a vet online and get the personalized advice you need for your pet — all at an affordable price!

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Conclusion

For the most part, you don’t have to worry if your cat is rubbing their face against corners and other objects. In fact, you can take it as a compliment if your cat starts to rub their cheeks against you. If you do notice that your cat is starting to rub their face against things much more frequently or notice other changes in their behavior, don’t hesitate to consult your veterinarian to determine what’s causing these changes.

Featured Image Credit: Maria Wan, Shutterstock

The post Why Do Cats Rub Their Face on Corners? 5 Vet-Verified Reasons by Jessica Kim appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Cat ownership would be a lot easier if our pets could tell us their thoughts. However, until someone develops a cat-to-human translator, we have to use context clues and our pet’s body language to decipher their moods.

A cat’s tail is one of the most expressive parts of their body. So, if your cat’s tail is twitching, you’re probably wondering what they’re thinking. Unfortunately, a quivering tail can mean many different things, so you’ll need to put on your thinking cap to determine what’s going on.

From the thrill of practicing their hunting skills to the frustration of aggravating situations, there are many potential reasons for your cat’s tail twitching. Read on to learn more so you can begin to better understand your cat’s mood and the driving forces behind this behavior.

The 6 Reasons Why Cats Twitch Their Tails

1. They’re Hunting

Cats will sometimes twitch their tails because they’re hunting or playing. This happens when they’re focused intensely on their prey, whether it’s a real-life mouse or a fluffy one you just bought from Amazon.

2. They’re Excited

When children are happy and excited, they often jump up and down as a way to release their pent-up energy and express their enthusiasm. Our cats don’t have the same ability to show their happiness, so a quivering tail can also mark anticipation and excitement.

3. They’re Annoyed

When your cat twitches the tip of their tail strongly from side to side, it may be that they’re mildly irritated or frustrated. This could be a warning sign that your pet isn’t fond of something you’ve been doing, but they’re not quite at the point yet where they’re going to take the next step and act on their annoyance.

4. They’re Feeling Aggressive

Tail twitching is sometimes also associated with aggression. The more your pet’s tail moves back and forth, the less happy they may be. Rapid tail movements can mean they’re issuing a threat to you or another pet in the home. You might also see other aggressive behaviors, such as growling or hissing. Their tails may also thwack audibly on the floor or nearby walls.

5. They’re Spraying

You know your cat is spraying when they stand up, hold their tail straight up in the air, and put their rear end toward a target (e.g., walls, bedding, curtains, etc.). Their tail will be quivering, and they’ll spray urine onto an object.

Spraying is most likely to occur in cats that have reached sexual maturity, and it can occur in both male and female cats. It happens most often in intact males and females in heat, though those that have been spayed or neutered can also spray.

6. They Have Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome

Feline hyperesthesia syndrome (FHS)—also known as “twitchy cat syndrome”—is a rare condition that causes increased sensitivity to touch and uncontrollable muscle contractions. FHS is poorly understood, and its root cause is still unknown, though it is most often attributed to neurological, psychological, or dermatological causes. Before it can be diagnosed, other conditions that cause similar signs must be ruled out.

Cats with this condition may quiver their tail, but they’ll often exhibit other signs, including:

How Can I Know Why My Cat’s Tail Is Twitching?

With so many reasons for your cat’s tail twitching, it can feel impossible to determine what your cat is feeling. However, it’s actually relatively easy if you stop and consider your behavior and your kitty’s current environment.

Think about what your kitty is currently doing, their body language, and what’s going on around them to determine the exact reason for your pet’s tail twitching.

For example, a cat that your toddler is tormenting is unlikely to be twitching their tail out of excitement, especially if their ears are pulled back and they’re staring your child down. It’s much more likely in this scenario that your cat is feeling annoyed and ready to strike.

Likewise, if you’re using your cat’s favorite toy to play with them, it’s unlikely they’re twitching their tail because they’re spraying or feeling aggressive.

Consulting with a vet is an excellent way to help identify environmental or behavioral issues if you want some extra support.

Speak To a Vet Online From the Comfort of Your Couch!

If you need to speak with a vet but can’t get to one, head over to PangoVet. It’s an online service where you can talk to a vet online and get the personalized advice you need for your pet — all at an affordable price!

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What Else Your Cat’s Tail Can Tell You

Cats exhibit other tail postures aside from twitching because it’s one of the few ways they can convey their mood and communicate with other cats and humans.

How Else Do Cats Convey Mood?

Cats don’t only use their tails to convey their mood. Other subtle (and not so subtle) body language cues include:

Final Thoughts

As you can see, a cat’s tail twitches can mean a lot of things. It’ll be hard to determine the exact reason behind your pet’s tail movements without also taking into account their body language and context clues from their environment. However, once you consider what else is happening in your cat’s world and how to read their body language, you’ll be an expert on your pet’s moods and feelings.

Featured Image Credit: olivier.laurent.photos, Shutterstock

The post Why Does My Cat’s Tail Twitch? 6 Vet-Reviewed Reasons by Chantelle Fowler appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Our cats are creatures of the night, so it’s no wonder you hear them howling their song into the echoing chambers of the house when all are sleeping. With as much as you’re getting used to the sound of a banshee in your dwellings—you might wonder why it’s happening and how you can make it stop.

So, let’s explore why your feline might be constantly caterwauling at night. Remember, a vet appointment should be your first course of action if you notice any other unusual signs in your cat in addition to crying.

The 8 Possible Reasons for Cats Crying at Night

1. Hormones

Hormones influence, well, everything. They can influence your well-behaved cat to change into an unfamiliar one overnight. Once your kitty hits sexual maturity, their brains suddenly snap into mating mode, and nothing else seems to matter.

Why the increase of vocalization? Females usually use this method as a way to “cat call” male suitors when in heat. A male cat can hear and smell her up to a mile away, thanks to her powerful pheromones.

So, what other behaviors do they exhibit apart from crying and shouting? So many! It depends on if the cat is male or female. For example, females in heat will often become overly affectionate, rubbing, vocalizing, and maybe even exhibiting marking behavior.

Males can also spray—and they are usually the culprit. However, any cat can spray and getting them fixed won’t necessarily stop the issue. If you think your cat might be entering a heat cycle or reaching sexual maturity, it’s time to get them fixed.

Many cat owners face the problem of not getting their cats fixed in time and then dealing with the consequences of the delay. You might have to use enzymatic cleaners and other methods to clean up spray, and it can be really difficult to remove.

2. Boredom

We all know our cats have a big need to be entertained. A lot of times, if there’s not much going on in the environment, they will make something up. Unfortunately, that can include banging, crashing, and screeching around the house while the world tries to sleep.

It’s especially important for indoor cats to make sure their home environment is interesting and stimulating for them.  Encourage activity and play during the day, but if you still think your pal needs help filling their time at night, you can try to offer some quiet but interactive toys.

3. Separation Anxiety

Do you keep your door shut at night? If so, your cat might experience a little separation anxiety, which can be troubling and problematic. While separation anxiety is an issue that is talked a lot about in the canine community, it is often overlooked among feline companions. Changes in your cat’s routine can also cause stress and upset.

Speak to your vet if your cat shows signs of being stressed or unhappy. They will rule out any medical issues and may recommend calming supplements and adjustments to their routine and environment. They might also refer you to a cat behaviorist in more extreme cases.

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If you need to speak with a vet but can’t get to one, head over to PangoVet. It’s an online service where you can talk to a vet online and get the personalized advice you need for your pet — all at an affordable price!

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4. Prowling

Your cat might have a little mousey on the loose. If your cat has a high prey drive, they might use their natural instincts and sharp senses to hunt. Now, many homes don’t have mice—but those that live in the country or rural areas can attest to these little boogers intruding.

If you have a cat around, they will set out to find any pesky rodents that might be lurking around. If they smell a mouse but can’t find it, it also might cause an increase in vocalization due to frustration.

5. Hunger

Why do you choose to starve your cat? How dare you refuse to fill the food bowl to its brim before leaving them up all night, famished? We’re just kidding, but if your cat is feeling a little empty in the tummy, it might be a good idea to feed them closer to bedtime, if it doesn’t interfere with their schedule too much.

Sometimes, you can leave a food bowl out on a rotating basis and a lot of cats can manage themselves. Others will wreak havoc on the whole food bowl in one sitting. So, it can be difficult to keep a voracious eater happy!

You can always offer other bedtime snacks, like a bowl of broth or a lickable snack to keep them busy.

6. Age-Related Confusion

Our cats decline as they age in all regards. The once spry, bright-eyed little cat wanes into a slower, more sunken version of themselves as their bodies give way to age. With the natural bodily changes that occur, their cognitive abilities can take a hit also.

Much like dementia and Alzheimer’s in people, cats can develop a much similar issue called cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS.) This is the equivalent to feline dementia, usually due to a buildup of beta amyloid in the brain, which causes death and loss of brain neurons.

It can affect them in many different facets of their life—from staring aimlessly into space to crying at night. In addition to forgetting basic concepts, it can trigger a whirlwind of other signs.

Your cat doesn’t necessarily have to have CDS to exhibit signs. It can also mimic other things, some of which are time-sensitive. Some other issues that cause confusion in older cats can be health conditions like chronic kidney disease and deafness.

7. Other Health Issues

Age doesn’t necessarily have to be the primary factor to consider for a health issue. Even kittens can develop or are born with conditions that can cause signs as they grow. Only a vet can truly determine if a health issue is the underlying cause for your cat screaming.

Your vet will do a full physical exam and may run a series of bloodwork, urine samples, and even imaging if they suspect a problem. Here are some of the most frequently associated health issues with meowing at night.

You might notice many of the same signs in each category, which is why it is so imperative to get a proper diagnosis!

Hyperthyroidism is caused by one or both of the thyroid glands becoming enlarged and overactive. This leads to an increase in the production of thyroid hormones, which are responsible for regulating many body processes.

If your cat has an overactive thyroid, they will likely begin displaying lots of signs—although it might be more difficult to detect at first.

If your vet thinks your cat might be hyperthyroid, they will run blood tests to check their hormone levels. If your cat has the issue, there are a number of treatment options available including medical management and surgical removal of the affected thyroid tissue.

Kidney disease is a serious health condition that can threaten your buddy’s life when untreated. While kidney disease can develop at any age, it is more common among the older cat population.

Chronic kidney disease, or CKD, is a common problem of older cats. It happens when the kidneys slowly stop working over a period of months to years. The waste products that the kidneys normally remove build up in the bloodstream.

While there is no cure for CKD, there are ways that your vet can manage the condition, reduce the signs, and slow the progression of the disease. It is vital to your cat’s wellbeing to get diagnosis and treatment as quickly as possible.

If you have a touch of arthritis, or know someone who does, you probably know just how painful it can be, and it’s the same for our cats. Often, signs might exacerbate at night once your cat is mobile. Osteoarthritis can develop in cats of any age, but mainly the senior population suffers.

It is not always known what has caused arthritis but mechanical wear and tear in the joints plays a part, and it can also develop secondary to a joint injury or abnormality.

If your cat has arthritis, it will need to be treated with medications. Environmental modifications and diet changes or supplements can also help.

8. Pain

Pain can come from many different sources apart from arthritis. Some can be noticeable, like an obvious breakage, skin abrasion, or wound. Others are more difficult to detect, like dental disease or abscesses.

If you think your cat is crying at night or any other time due to pain, it is important to make an appointment with your vet.

How to Help Your Cat at Night

Ways to help your cat will depend greatly on the underlying issue. If there is a health concern, veterinary assessment and treatment is essential. If it is as simple as hunger or feeling bored, you can offer them snacks and entertainment to keep them busy.

If your cat has a health condition (with the exception of separation anxiety), you might want to confine them into a single space at night for safety and comfort, speak to your vet for advice about whether this is the right option for your feline. Make sure the litter box is easy to access and food is in the bowl—in case they get too hungry!

When to Call the Vet

Call your vet anytime you think your cat might have something going on that you can’t deal with at home. It’s always best to be safe than put off an issue that requires treatment. Advice and treatment will depend on what your vet determines is the underlying reason for your cat crying at night.

Conclusion

Hopefully, you have a firmer understanding about what could trigger your cat to cry at night. It might be different for every cat, but often the answer is quite simple. Don’t get too disheartened right away—and certainly voice any major concerns with your vet.

Featured Image Credit: savitskaya iryna, Shutterstock

The post Why Do Cats Cry at Night? 8 Vet-Reviewed Reasons by Ashley Bates appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

It’s hard not to notice a tortoiseshell cat. Their appearance is striking, with their uniquely colored fur. No two felines are the same, and genetics control the variations. The vast majority are also female, adding to their mystique. The pattern is more prevalent in some breeds, but the tortoiseshell is not a breed; it merely describes the color pattern.

The term describes animals with a mottled patchwork of orange and non-orange hues. They can be black or some variation, from ginger to chocolate to cream. Calicos are similarly colored, with the addition of white, making them a tri-colored variant of the tortoiseshell cat. However, the Tortoiseshell Cat only has black and orange markings.

The Earliest Records of the Tortoiseshell Cat in History

It’s unclear when the first tortoiseshell cat appeared, but ancient records suggest they were mentioned by the Celts and Khmers of Southeast Asia. When the tortoiseshell variant occurs in female cats, it’s simply a manifestation of a dominant, sex-linked trait.

The gene controlling its physical expression is located on the X chromosome. Each parent contributes a copy or an allele of the two they possess to each of their offspring. A kitten must only inherit one copy of the trait to be visually present.

A recessive trait only appears if both alleles are the same copy. For example, if the alleles an offspring receives from their parents are OO or Oo, the dominant trait is present. The capital O is shorthand for the dominant tortoiseshell variant, and the small letter is the recessive. The only way for the tortoiseshell not to be visible is if both alleles are oo, making the cat brown or black and not orange.

A Genetic Explanation

However, that fact raises another question. If this color characteristic is dominant, why don’t all female tortoiseshell cats have the orange color? If she is OO or Oo for the trait, you’d expect the cat to be orange without any black coloration. The answer lies in evolution’s role in survival.

Interestingly, researchers have identified over 1,000 genes on the X chromosomes. The Y chromosome of males doesn’t have nearly as many. Nevertheless, that doesn’t mean the X-linked traits are viable or necessary for survival. Some are harmful and potentially fatal. How did evolution deal with this conflict?

Natural selection prevents the expression of some X-linked characteristics through a process known as X-chromosome inactivation (XCI). That means some O alleles are suppressed, leading to the mottled patchwork we call tortoiseshell, with orange and black present. XCI doesn’t happen in male cats. If the animal inherits a single O dominant allele, the feline is orange or black, not both.

The incidence of the tortoiseshell male cat has another genetic twist. Early scientists deduced it must be sex-linked simply because of the inheritance pattern and the animal’s sex.¹ The only way a male animal could have this pattern is if they had two X chromosomes, allowing the orange and black to be visible, making them XXY. It can occur if the cat has inherited the Klinefelter syndrome.²

This condition also exists in humans. It’s not surprising since we share 90% of our DNA with cats.³ Sadly, Klinefelter’s syndrome has many risks, including an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, some cancers, and autism. This random genetic mutation also causes sterility in males. That explains its rarity among male cats and its prevalence in females.

Why the Tortoiseshell Color Appeared in the First Place

The domestic cat is a descendant of the African Wild Cat (Felis silvestris lybica). This feline is notably sand-colored to match their arid habitat and provide camouflage. Why do our pets come in so many color variations, like tortoiseshells? An animal with this pelage would stand out and probably won’t survive. The answer lies with domestication.

Charles Darwin theorized that selective breeding profoundly impacted animals’ genetics and phenotype or physical appearance. Scientists later observed relative depigmentation and other traits associated with breeding animals to be tame. The term domestication syndrome describes these changes people induced in the animals they domesticated.

The pleasing coloration, like tortoiseshell and other characteristics we prefer, results from human efforts for selective breeding. This process occurs much faster than natural selection. What would take Nature thousands of years occurs in a handful of generations with human intervention. Of course, evolution also had a say.

How the Tortoiseshell Cat Gained Popularity

While the earliest records are unclear, the tortoiseshell likely has been in the domestic cat’s gene pool since ancient times. The folklore of many cultures contains accounts of this beautiful but mysterious feline, with explanations of the animal’s appearance and supposed meaning. Stories exist from the United Kingdom to Japan and the United States about the tortoiseshell’s unique coat.

The beauty of the tortoiseshell pattern is undoubtedly a factor in its popularity. The animal’s appearance is unique, often with eye-catching markings. Remember that formal cat breeds are a relatively recent phenomenon. Enthusiasts may have tried selectively breeding felines to increase their prevalence. The occurrence in males is random, with no guarantee of tortoiseshell offspring.

Formal Recognition of the Tortoiseshell Cat

Formal recognition of the tortoiseshell cat rests with the breeds in which it is a permitted color. The Persian is an ancient breed, with tortoiseshell among its many accepted colors. Other breeds with similar standards include the following:

The tortoiseshell color is not allowed in breed standards where the appearance is integral to the animal’s conformation. The Chartreux and Russian Blue are two classic examples, with only a single color and its variants allowed. Remember that parent clubs that approve tortoiseshells also include calico by its very definition, with the latter being tri-colored versus the bi-colored tortoiseshell.

Top 4 Unique Facts About the Tortoiseshell Cat

1. The Tortoiseshell Variation Is a Rare Occurrence.

Scientists estimate that it only occurs in an estimated 1 in 3,000 male cats. The prevalence of sterility in these animals is a mitigating factor in its scarcity.

2. Variations of the Tortoiseshell Pattern Exist.

While each cat is different, some noted variations of the tortoiseshell coloration exist, including the tortoiseshell tabby and bridled cat.

3. A Small Study Hypothesized Gene Stability as an Explanation for the Tortoiseshell Color.

The researchers identified two fertile males with this color variant. The animals had the usual 38 chromosomes without the XXY in felines with Klinefelter’s syndrome. They determined that all things being equal, gene stability was the only explanation for the cats’ coloration and fertility.

4. Another Explanation That’s Even More Fantastical and Rare Involves Chimerism.

Chimerism defines an organism with cells from two sources. In this case, the second organism is the reabsorbed DNA of a deceased twin embryo. Scientists identified what they believed was the first case of a fertile tortoiseshell male cat displaying chimerism.

Does a Tortoiseshell Cat Make a Good Pet?

The tortoiseshell will make a delightful pet, regardless of the breed. Much depends on the animal’s rearing and care. We suspect the kitty’s unique appearance may garner more attention and pampering. One of the most critical considerations is providing adequate mental stimulation and enrichment for your pet.

Felines are intelligent and need stimulation for their mental health. You can satisfy this need with regular interaction with your pet and interactive toys that challenge them. Understanding the financial and time commitment of inviting a cat into your life is imperative for their welfare and well-being.

Conclusion

The tortoiseshell cat isn’t a breed but a recognized color variation accepted by many parent clubs. Its appearance is the result of eons of evolution that have shaped the animal’s DNA and improved their fitness for survival. The trait picked up many enthusiasts who marveled at the cat’s beauty along the way. The tortoiseshell pattern is also a genetics lesson since it’s an X-linked characteristic.

Featured Image Credit: Tinka Mach, Shutterstock

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