It’s not unusual to browse social media and see someone preparing an at-home meal for their beloved pets. For me, the fascination with these posts isn’t the meal in question, but rather how I almost always see comments that allude to the time commitment it would take to prepare such a meal for their pet every day.

Having recently been on a meal plan for myself (prepared by a licensed doctor and nutritionist, of course), I often find myself doing a great deal of meal prep on the weekend. This makes the task of figuring out what to eat daily very easy for me. In turn, this makes it more likely that I’ll stick to my meal plan.

While cooking up my weekly meals over the weekend, I coincidentally had a request from my client to offer her a very low-carbohydrate recipe that would work for her cat from Monday to Friday, without her having to prepare meals every evening. This was understandable, as we all know how loud our pet cats can become when they aren’t fed on time! Her cat, Ivy, prefers chicken. Therefore, I whipped up a recipe for Ivy that would last her an entire week!

Recipe of the Week – Low-Carb Chicken

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Homemade Low-Carb Chicken Cat Food Recipe

Preparing meals for your cat doesn't need to be a daily hassle in the kitchen. You can whip up this delicious low-carb chicken recipe over the weekend, ensuring your cat enjoys nutritious meals throughout the week.

Author Dr. Luqman Javed DVM (Veterinarian)

Equipment

• Large pot for stirring
• Large pot or saucepan with a lid

Ingredients

• 328.5 g - 11.06 oz Chicken hearts
• 132 g - 4.7 oz Chicken eggs (whole) (approximately 3-4 medium-sized eggs)
• 65.7 g - 2.3 oz Chicken breast (no skin, no bone)
• 6.57 g - 0.23 oz Adult Multivitamin/Multimineral (Brand: Centrum)
• 6.57 g - 0.23 oz Spirulina Powder
• 1.65 g - 0.06 oz Psyllium Husk Powder

Instructions

• Preparation:
• Begin by adding water to a pot large enough to boil eggs in and bringing this water to a boil.
• With the water boiling, add your eggs to the water. Boil the eggs until they are hardboiled (approximately 4-5 minutes on high heat).
• Remove the hardboiled eggs from the water and allow them to cool. Important: weigh the eggs once they are peeled to ensure they meet the recipe’s requirements!
• In another pot or saucepan, bring some water to a very gentle heat – approximately 165 °F (73.9 °C). Ensure that this pot or saucepan has a lid.
• Slice the chicken breast into portions roughly the size of the chicken hearts.
• Add the chicken hearts and cut-up chicken breast pieces to this second pot and put on the lid.
• Cook the chicken breasts and hearts for the least amount of time necessary for them to cook all the way through (usually around 3-4 minutes).
• Once cooked, turn off the stove and remove the pan from the heat source. Gently scoop out the hearts and breast pieces from the water and transfer them to another bowl. Allow them to cool. Important: weigh the meat to ensure it matches the requirements for the recipe!
• With all 3 ingredients cooked (eggs, hearts, and breast), slice, chop, mince, or dice all the components into similar-sized portions (depending on your cat’s preference).
• Finely crush the multivitamin/multimineral supplement into a powder (hint: a food processor works wonderfully for this step!).
• Add the spirulina powder, psyllium husk, and the powdered multivitamin/multimineral supplement to the bowl containing the other cooked ingredients. Ensure you sprinkle these evenly over the food. (Tip: If your cat prefers minced food, you can finely chop all the cooked ingredients in a food processor with the powders and supplement!)
• Portion out the final mixture into meal-sized portions for your cat.
• Enjoy!

Key Nutritional Information

Portioning and Storage

Cooked or raw recipes can be stored in the fridge for up to 72 hours (3 days). Food intended for periods after this should be portioned and frozen; it will stay viable for consumption for up to 3 months in the freezer. It should be slowly thawed the night before it is offered to your pet. Thawed food should not be re-frozen.

Upgrades (Optional)

Though my client was requesting a low-carbohydrate option, I did let her know that it was possible to add in another carbohydrate source for fiber in this diet if she was keen on it. Though not essential for a cat, fiber may offer them some health benefits (provided it is offered in reasonable amounts). In this case, I felt that a small amount of gently cooked carrots (around 65.7 grams) would be a good idea. Ivy, however, had different ideas and didn’t appreciate the carrots at all, so we decided to omit them.

In addition, my client was keen on an omega-3 fish oil for the recipe. While acceptable in small amounts (around 3 grams for this entire recipe), it’s important to note that any omega-3 or fish oils should only be added to a recipe when it’s being served to your pet. As such, I cautioned her against adding it to the base recipe.

Leftover Idea – “Mini” Hydration Treats

Another option with this recipe is to use the leftover water (in which the chicken hearts and breasts were cooked). Pour it into an ice-cube tray and freeze the water. The resulting ice cubes are a “protein” infused treat that you can melt and add to your cat’s meals as a form of extra hydration!

Spotlight Ingredient – It’s All In the Heart!

For most cat diets, nutritionists try to aim for a diet that comprises around 60-80% meat, fish, and eggs. Organs should typically only comprise around 10-30% of a diet. However, the heart is an exception to this rule.

Though an organ, the heart is a specialized muscle and doesn’t have to be offered in a restricted amount. In fact, it’s one of the best sources of taurine out there (an essential amino acid for cats), which is why this recipe features so much of this ingredient.

As far as organs (liver, gizzards, etc.) are concerned, the heart remains one of my absolute favorites for cats (and also dogs). I specifically enjoy using chicken hearts because their size makes them very manageable and easy to portion out for a diet. They also often end up costing less than the other parts of a chicken carcass and are therefore a more economical option.

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Conclusion

Preparing meals for cats doesn’t have to be a daily grueling process in the kitchen. Indeed, it is possible to make multiple meals for your pet in a single cooking session – enough to last them for several days!

I hope this recipe helps highlight the point that though homemade diets do take some time and effort, there are still numerous ways you can make the process easy for yourself.

• See Also: Best Low-Carb Cat Foods – Reviews & Top Picks

The post Homemade Low-Carb Chicken Cat Food Recipe: Dr. Lucky’s Meal Planning for Cats by Dr. Luqman Javed DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Our pets are a wonderful source of affection, companionship, entertainment, and stress relief, but they can also make us worry. Despite the many steps we take and the measures we put in place to make sure we are giving our cats the very best care, there will always be illnesses that are completely out of our control, and cancer continues to be one of them.

There are several types of cancer that can affect our feline companions, and basal cell tumors are one of the most common skin tumors in cats. The good news is that more than 90% of these are benign.

Let’s take a closer look at basal cell tumors in cats, including how to recognize them and how they are treated.

What Is a Basal Cell Tumor?

A tumor is an abnormal growth of cells, with the type of tumor determined by the type of cells involved. Why tumors form is still not fully understood, but once they begin, the abnormal cells continue to grow and replicate. Some are limited to a single, contained area, also known as benign tumors. Meanwhile, malignant tumors (cancer) invade surrounding tissues and structures and may spread (metastasize) to different parts of the body through the blood or lymphatic system.

Basal cell tumors form from the basal cell layer of the epidermis. In most cases, these tumors are benign and do not grow beyond the basal cell layer in the area where they started. In approximately 10% of cases, the tumor will grow and replicate beyond the basal cell layer and into the surrounding tissues. This is known as malignant basal cell carcinoma (BCC).

Where Are the Signs of a Basal Cell Tumor?

Although basal cell tumors can grow anywhere on the skin, they are most common on the head, neck, and shoulders. They can range from 0.4 inches to over 4 inches in diameter and are usually firm, raised, hairless, or may develop from a stalk.

BCC lesions are not usually raised but appear as irritated, ulcerated lesions on the head, neck, or legs. Although BCCs will grow and spread into the surrounding skin, they do not tend to metastasize.

If you are concerned about the health and well-being of your pet, we recommend getting in touch with a vet for guidance.

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What Causes Basal Cell Tumors?

We do not fully understand how or why basal cell tumors form. There may be several predisposing factors, including viral infections, age, genetics, sun exposure, and breed. Long and medium-haired cats, such as Persians, Himalayan, and Angoras, have a higher incidence of basal cell tumors compared with other breeds.

How Are Basal Cell Tumors Diagnosed?

Depending on the size and location of the growth, a diagnosis may be made using:

If the tumor is found to be a malignant BCC, your vet may recommend further investigations, such as blood tests, imaging, and lymph node biopsies, to check whether the tumor has spread.

How Is a Basal Cell Tumor Treated?

Small, benign basal cell tumors may be monitored and only removed if they undergo rapid growth or changes in appearance. Cryosurgery may be used to remove very small tumors.

Surgical removal is the treatment of choice for malignant basal cell carcinomas. If the BCC is in a location where surgical removal is not possible or likely to be successful, radiation therapy or chemotherapy can be used.

Basal cell carcinomas have a high treatment success rate.

Frequently Asked Questions

What Is the Prognosis for a Cat With Basal Cell Tumor or Carcinoma?

For cats with basal cell tumors, the prognosis is excellent. Even those with malignant BCC have a very good prognosis due to the low rate of malignancy of this type of tumor. However, left untreated, they can cause pain, suffering, and possibly spread, so removal of BCCs is always recommended.

What’s the Difference Between a Basal Cell Carcinoma and a Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

As the name suggests, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) originates from the squamous layer of the epidermis, which is thicker and more superficial than the basal layer. Unlike BCC, SCC is an aggressive, invasive, and sometimes metastatic tumor. They commonly occur on the face and ears, particularly in white or light-pigmented skin. They are also a common oral tumor in cats. There is no recognized benign form of SCC in cats.

What Should I Do if My Cat Makes Their Basal Cell Tumor Bleed?

If your cat has a benign basal cell tumor, they may occasionally knock or scratch the lesion and make it bleed. While this is no immediate cause for concern, if this happens repeatedly, it can increase their risk of infection, and removal of the mass should be considered.

Conclusion

Basal cell tumors are the common skin tumors of cats and dogs, with less than 10% being malignant. In the case of basal cell carcinoma, early detection and treatment have a high success rate, so it is important to have any new lump, bump, or growth checked by your vet. The smaller the growth, the easier it is to remove.

• See Also: Cat Preventive Care for Good Health & Longevity: 8 Fundamental Pillars

Featured Image Credit: Catster

The post Basal Cell Tumors in Cats: Signs, Causes, Diagnosis & Care (Vet Answer) by Dr. Karyn Kanowski BVSc MRCVS (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma is an invasive type of cancer. Affected cats tend to have pain associated with the tumor and may be disinclined to eat. Let’s look at some signs of squamous cell carcinoma and what treatment options might be available for your cat.

What Is Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant cancer that tends to be locally invasive. It typically starts in the tissues of your cat’s mouth, but it can spread further, even into the bone. Common areas where squamous cell carcinoma occurs are the gums and palate.

This cancer is the most commonly diagnosed oral cancer in cats. It may be found incidentally during a routine exam or dental cleaning. Squamous cell carcinoma can spread to other areas of the body, such as the lymph nodes and lungs. If your veterinarian suspects squamous cell carcinoma, they should palpate your cat’s lymph nodes and take radiographs (X-rays) of the cat’s chest to look for metastasis.

What Are the Signs of Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

Cats with an oral tumor often develop trouble eating. The tumor can cause pain, but it can also interfere with your cat’s ability to chew. You might see your cat go to the food bowl but refuse to eat.

Signs you might see at home with oral squamous cell carcinoma in cats include:

If you are concerned about the health and well-being of your pet, we recommend getting in touch with a vet for guidance.

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What Are the Causes of Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

Squamous cell carcinoma may also appear in other areas of your cat, such as around its ears or nose. In these cases, it is likely caused by sun damage or exposure to UV rays, but trauma could also be a cause.

Sun exposure is less likely to be a cause for cats with oral squamous cell carcinoma. These cats are likely affected by chronic inflammation caused by severe periodontal disease.

Diagnosing Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Your Cat

Your cat should receive a physical exam at least one to two times per year to check for physical abnormalities, but you should also strongly consider annual dental cleanings under anesthesia. Your veterinarian will use this time to check your cat’s mouth thoroughly. At the same time, it is asleep under anesthesia, infusing the back of its mouth and under its tongue.

If your veterinarian sees a suspicious lesion in your cat’s mouth, they’ll likely recommend a fine needle aspirate for cytology or a biopsy. Options include:

Your veterinarian might start with blood work and radiographs (X-rays). Blood work typically checks your cat’s red blood cell levels (to ensure he’s not anemic), kidney enzymes, and blood sugar levels. Radiographs are helpful to check for metastasis to the lungs or abdomen. Unfortunately, a CT scan is usually needed to determine how invasive the mass is, giving your veterinarian an idea of whether surgery might be possible.

How Do I Care for a Cat With Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

If your cat is diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma, your veterinarian might refer it to a surgical specialist. Some referral hospitals have surgeons and oncologists working closely to treat these pets.

Surgery

Surgery may be an option for your cat and is often the first-line recommended treatment option. If the mass is small, the entire area may be removed, but sometimes veterinarians settle for debulking as much of the mass as possible. Your veterinarian may resect some underlying tissue or bone if the tumor has invaded local tissues. The vet will likely also sample the nearby or draining lymph nodes to help the pet better understand the possible spread.

Post-operative care for cats after major oral surgery can be intensive. Your cat may need a feeding tube placed, which could be a temporary or permanent fixture in your cat’s care.

Radiation

Radiation therapy may yield better long-term results than simply removing the mass, mainly if it is found early and when the squamous cell carcinoma is small. Veterinary oncologists may utilize radiation treatments to shrink the mass or to delay tumor growth.

Palliative Treatments

If other treatments are not feasible, either due to expense, location, or compromising your cat’s remaining quality of life, your veterinarian will likely recommend palliative care or hospice care.

Palliative care treats your cat’s underlying discomfort with pain medications or anti-inflammatories such as Onsior (robenacoxib). Radiation therapy is sometimes used as a form of palliative care to try and stabilize the tumor’s size.

Some squamous cell carcinoma cases become badly ulcerated and infected. In these cases, your vet might prescribe an antibiotic medication.

If your cat has trouble eating, your vet may place a feeding tube to allow it to be syringe-fed.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What is the prognosis for a cat with squamous cell carcinoma?

The prognosis for a cat with squamous cell carcinoma is relatively poor. North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine estimates that less than 10% of cats diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma live past a year.

Can squamous cell carcinoma occur in areas of the body other than the mouth?

Squamous cell carcinoma can develop in your cat’s body other than in their mouth. It often occurs in places like your cat’s ears or on your cat’s face and is more common in areas that may be exposed to a lot of UV light.

Conclusion

Squamous cell carcinoma is a scary diagnosis for our feline family members. While there are several treatment options, often, the location of the cancer limits how viable surgery or radiation can be. Your veterinarian will help you develop a treatment plan to keep your cat comfortable as long as possible.

Featured Image Credit: MeowDr, Shutterstock

The post Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Our Vet Explains the Causes, Signs & Care by Dr. Samantha Devine DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Since the pandemic, people have turned to virtual meetings, online grocery ordering, and even virtual doctors’ appointments. Many virtual platforms have allowed for people to safely speak to a health professional in the comfort of their own home. This trend has started to trickle into veterinary medicine as well. There are a number of “telehealth” companies popping up that allow you to meet with a veterinarian while never leaving your home. This sounds great in theory, but it has its downfalls in that you usually aren’t able to get prescriptions for your pets via telehealth. Only the following states allow online vet prescriptions: AZ, CA, DC, FL, ID, NJ, VA, and VT. In this article we’ll touch briefly on the rules some states have about telehealth appointments, and which states you may be able to get an online prescription from.

The Veterinary-Client-Patient-Relationship (VCPR)

Most states require a VCPR (Veterinary-Client-Patient-Relationship) in order to prescribe medications and/or foods for your pet. VCPR is an abbreviation that means there needs to be some type of examination by a licensed veterinarian on a pet, and the client needs to approve and be aware of this. Hence, the veterinarian, pet owner (i.e. client), and pet have formed a consensual medical “relationship”. This is to protect both the patient and the doctor.

While being examined, your pet will also be weighed so that medications can be dosed accurately. The veterinarian will be able to determine if there is a heart murmur by listening to your pet, and also running bloodwork to determine organ function and/or disease status (e.g. heartworm tests). All of these will help to determine not only if certain medications can be prescribed, but at what dose.

These are all things that are done not to frustrate owners, but to keep your pet as safe as possible. Would you want your doctor prescribing medications that could be harmful to your heart if you’ve never actually had a doctor listen to your heart before? The same goes for your pet. We as veterinarians only want what’s best for your furry friends.

What Is Done Virtually

While many owners would love to never bring their pet to the hospital again, especially cats, the reality is that sometimes the pet is better off having a professional physically examine them. Only by feeling the abdomen, lymph nodes, certain joints, listening to the heart and lungs, examining the ears, etc., can a veterinarian really get an idea of what may be going on with your pet. A veterinarian can only gain so much information by speaking with an owner virtually, and/or seeing the pet through a computer screen.

In other instances — say, a cat who becomes extremely aggressive when in a hospital — touching base with a veterinarian online to determine if you need to bring your cat to a clinic can be extremely helpful. Many people will use telehealth services as a triage service, to help determine if they need to have their dog or cat seen immediately or can wait until their veterinarian has an opening.

Some states do not allow doctors to definitively diagnose anything virtually. They can speak with a client, see the pet through the screen, and even have owners show the vet specific things on their pet through the screen. However, because they cannot physically touch the pet, they are not allowed to make a “diagnosis”. They can only make recommendations based on the limited information.

Speak To a Vet Online From the Comfort of Your Couch!

If you need to speak with a vet but can’t get to one, head over to PangoVet. It’s an online service where you can talk to a vet online and get the personalized advice you need for your pet — all at an affordable price!

Click to Speak With a Vet

Current Laws by States

Below is a breakdown of what is currently allowed by state. This website provides a great virtual map that is periodically updated as laws change. However, we strongly recommend following news as there are new bills and laws being introduced, passed, and declined across the country.

What Is Not Allowed

Anywhere you can obtain medications for your pet — whether an online pharmacy, a veterinary hospital, or even your corner drugstore — requires a valid veterinary license to prescribe controlled substances. Each state has different rules as to what exact drugs may or may not be controlled. Some states do not allow online or digital prescriptions for any controlled substance, and you will need to obtain a physically written prescription to bring to the pharmacy.

Most states also do not allow veterinary hospitals to “act like a pharmacy”. In other words, you cannot just walk into any clinic with a prescription for your pet and demand that they fill it. Your pet would need to be a patient there. This can be frustrating for people who may be traveling with their pet and run out of something — they think they can just go to the nearest vet clinic in town and pick up a refill. In reality, this is typically illegal in most states. This, again, is to protect the veterinarian against people abusing prescriptions, or people who may try to fill a medication for a pet that isn’t even theirs.

Conclusion

Veterinary telehealth and virtual medicine is gaining traction across the United States. While it can be of great help to people who aren’t sure if they should bring their pet to an emergency room or not, it’s also helpful for fearful pets who may react in the hospital. There are limitations to what is and isn’t allowed, and these vary by states. Because telemedicine is becoming so popular in human medicine, the laws and rules for veterinary medicine are also constantly changing and evolving. While you may want to receive all of your medications and advice online, make sure you check the latest rules and regulations for your specific state as to what may or may not be allowed.

Featured Image Credit: imtmphoto, Shutterstock

The post What States Allow Online Vet Prescriptions? (2024 Guide) by Dr. Kim Podlecki DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Many people may have heard the word anemia before, but don’t really understand what it means. Anemia is the term for a low red blood cell count, or a low circulating amount of red blood cells. While anemia as a blanket term can refer to a low red blood cell count from a number of reasons (loss, destruction, decreased production), hemolytic anemia is a specific type of condition. Hemolytic anemia is a type of anemia where your cats’ immune system destroys its own red blood cells. In this article, we’ll discuss what exactly hemolytic anemia is and what causes it, in addition to how we both diagnose and treat this disease.

What Is Hemolytic Anemia?

Hemolytic anemia is a specific type of anemia that occurs due to the destruction of your cat’s red blood cells. This occurs due to your cat’s own immune system seeking out and destroying the red blood cells. This may seem like a strange concept, but it can occur in any cat at any age.

The normal life cycle of a red blood cell includes production in the bone marrow and then release into the bloodstream. After a red blood cell has served its purpose, the body naturally breaks it up and disposes of it. Different parts of the red blood cell are circulated through the spleen, liver, and bone marrow and either recycled or destroyed. In particular, the liver recycles the iron portion of a red blood cell called bilirubin. These body systems work to continually keep old red blood cells broken down, their components either used/recycled or disposed of, all while pumping out new red blood cells from the bone marrow to keep the body’s circulatory system balanced.

If the immune system is triggered by something (discussed more below), then the red blood cells are “marked” for destruction. This may not sound like a big deal, but it can become critical if the body is unable to keep up with an adequate production rate of red blood cells to offset the amount being destroyed. Both the liver and spleen will become overwhelmed with the number of red blood cells and red blood cell “pieces” to process, causing issues in these respective organs. In addition, all of the red blood cells will become marked and/or coated with antibodies. These antibodies will cause red blood cells to stick together, causing potentially fatal blood clots. The antibodies also trigger other systems in the body to further destroy them. All in all, it’s a vicious cycle.

What Are the Signs of Hemolytic Anemia in a Cat?

Hemolytic anemia, and anemia in general, can sometimes be very difficult to notice until your cat’s condition has become severe. Many cats, as we all know and love about them, can be very chill and lazy. Therefore, it may be difficult to notice one of the more common abnormal signs of anemia, which is lethargy and weakness.

Because the red blood cells are responsible for circulating oxygen throughout the body, a low red blood cell count means that all of the organs of the body are lacking in oxygen. Over time, this will cause your cat to feel and act much weaker than normal. They may be sleeping more frequently and/or be reluctant to get up. In addition, when the anemia has become severe, your cat may also start to have a faster respiratory rate as their body is trying desperately to circulate what few red blood cells they have. Unfortunately for cats who already lead a sedentary lifestyle, or who tend to hide frequently, these signs may not be noticed at first.

Other times, you may notice that your cat has a decreased appetite or is even nauseous and vomiting. We will frequently notice GI upset in cases of anemia. Your cat may have pale to white colored gums, tongue, and conjunctiva (the lining of their eyes and eyelids). However, over time, these tissues may actually take on a yellow color referred to as icterus.

Depending on the cause of the anemia and progression of the anemia, you may notice changes in the color of the urine and feces as well. The urine may appear anywhere from an orange color to what we commonly refer to as a port-wine color. The feces may also appear orange in color. Over time, your cat will have difficulty walking, may stumble, collapse, or even become non-responsive should their condition worsen.

If you are concerned about the health and well-being of your pet, we recommend getting in touch with a vet for guidance.

Speak To a Vet Online From the Comfort of Your Couch!

If you need to speak with a vet but can’t get to one, head over to PangoVet. It’s an online service where you can talk to a vet online and get the personalized advice you need for your pet — all at an affordable price!

Click to Speak With a Vet

What Are the Causes of Hemolytic Anemia In a Cat?

Oftentimes we never find a cause for hemolytic anemia. This is called idiopathic. However, your veterinarian will want to run other tests to rule other causes out. Some cats, especially if they are outdoor only, or indoor/outdoor, will have an increased chance of being infected with different tick-borne diseases, blood parasites, and even viruses such as FeLV (Feline Leukemia Virus) and FIV (Feline Infectious Virus). All of these can trigger hemolytic anemia.

Other times hemolytic anemia may be triggered by other diseases such as cancer. The cancer does not need to be directly associated with the spleen and/or liver, and can be anywhere in the body. The thought is that the presence of the cancer and potentially some of the markers may be the trigger for the red blood cell destruction to occur.  Some of these tests to diagnose anemia can be run in-house, but oftentimes specialized tests sent out to laboratories need to be completed for confirmation.

Diagnosing Hemolytic Anemia in Your Cat

A diagnosis of hemolytic anemia must be made by a veterinarian. While you may suspect your cat is anemic due to pale or icteric gums, weakness, etc., the exact diagnosis must be made with a few different types of blood tests. First, your veterinarian will likely run a full CBC (Complete Blood Count) and Chemistry. These tests will look at your cat’s red blood cell count, platelet count, white blood cell count, kidney/liver values, etc. If your cat is anemic, likely your veterinarian will then look at a blood sample under a microscope. They are looking to see if there truly are decreased red blood cell numbers and not just a machine error. They are also looking for what are called spherocytes, which is a type of red blood cell shape that may be present during destruction.

After your veterinarian has confirmed anemia, they will then likely complete a test looking for “autoagglutination”. Remember when we mentioned above that during this process, all of the red blood cells are coated with antibodies, making them stick together? Well this test confirms just that – the red blood cells clumping together. This should not happen in an otherwise healthy cat and the presence of autoagglutination, in the face of anemia, is confirmatory for hemolytic anemia.

How Do I Care for a Cat With Hemolytic Anemia?

First, I want to stress how important it is to follow all diagnostic and treatment options as directed by your veterinarian. Cats who are anemic, especially if severe when diagnosed, are often very unstable. Your cat will need aggressive care within the first few days, and then extensive care and monitoring for weeks to potentially the rest of their life. Just starting your cat on one medication is often not enough and it’s imperative that you take your cat in for regular recheck exams to have their blood levels monitored.

Depending on how critical your cat is when diagnosed, a blood transfusion may be recommended. These are often only completed at specialty or university clinics. Cats have very specific blood types and many regular veterinary clinics will not carry both types of blood, or even the blood typing kits, so that the correct kind can be administered. In addition, transfusions are not without risks and your cat will need around the clock care while they are receiving a transfusion. However, keep in mind that your cat’s body is still destroying red blood cells, even those that are transfused. So in addition to getting a blood transfusion, your cat will also need to be started on medications to help slow down and/or stop this destruction. Without them, the blood transfusion will just be immediately destroyed by the body.

The medications needed are referred to as immunosuppressants. There are many different kinds on the market today, and the exact medication(s) that your veterinarian will prescribe will be dependent on your specific cat. Steroids are by far the most common, least expensive, and easiest to administer. But there are other options that may work better for your cat, or even be given in combination with steroids.

If your cat has also been diagnosed with an infectious component such as a blood parasite or tick-borne disease, then your cat will also need to be on long-term antibiotics.

It is never recommended to give your cat OTC iron supplements or feed them red meat to increase their iron. Many OTC products can be toxic to cats and just trying to increase their iron content does nothing to increase the number of circulating red blood cells. Hemolytic anemia should always be managed by your veterinarian.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What Happens if My Cat Goes into Remission?

Many cats will improve on aggressive therapy and stabilize to the point where your veterinarian has determined that they are in remission. However, there is always the chance for relapsing which is why regular bloodwork and exams are recommended for any patient with hemolytic anemia or anemia in general.

Will My Cat Die from Hemolytic Anemia?

Unfortunately, this is not uncommon. As we discussed, many cats are not even diagnosed until they are critically ill, and by then the medications may not work faster than the body’s ability to destroy the cells. In addition, many cats will not take medications, making administration or appropriate treatment difficult if not impossible.

Conclusion

Hemolytic anemia is a specific type of anemia that occurs due to the body’s destruction of its own red blood cells. In cats, this can occur at any age and in any breed. While some cats can develop hemolytic anemia from certain infectious diseases, many times we never find a cause (referred to as idiopathic). Diagnosing hemolytic anemia is not difficult, though it does require a few different types of blood tests. There are often other tests done to rule in/out infectious causes or even cancer being a catalyst for the condition. You may not notice any obvious abnormalities with your cat at first, as they may not be diagnosed until they have become critically ill. Once diagnosed, your veterinarian may want to give your cat a blood transfusion, but at minimum they will start aggressive immunosuppressive medications. Hemolytic anemia is a serious disease that needs to be treated quickly and aggressively. Many cats will go into remission, though fatalities are not uncommon.

Featured Image Credit: Prystai, Shutterstock

The post Hemolytic Anemia in Cats: Our Vet Explains the Causes, Treatment & FAQs by Dr. Kim Podlecki DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Some feline diseases are quite subtle, but skin ulcers are not. Skin ulcers look like sores or open wounds on your cat. They are painful because the skin is very sensitive. Your cat might have the urge to lick or scratch the wounds, which will make things worse.

Skin ulcers are just a sign of an illness, not a diagnosis. Your cat’s skin ulcers could be from something as benign as an insect bite or as severe as cancer. You should visit a vet so that they can diagnose your cat and prescribe medication as needed to get them back on track.

What Are Skin Ulcers?

The skin acts as a waterproof barrier between your cat’s body and the environment, and it has three layers. The outer epidermis is a layer of skin cells that move to the surface to form a barrier of dead skin cells.

The dermis is the middle layer that provides structural support and houses blood vessels. The deepest layer is the subcutaneous layer, which is made of fat and muscles. Skin ulcers are breaks in the skin that typically go through the whole epidermis or deeper. They look like sores or open wounds.

What Are the Signs of Skin Ulcers?

Skin ulcers can be very painful for cats. These open wounds are also prone to infection as the body’s normal defense (the skin barrier) has been breached. This means that opportunistic bacteria move to the wounds and begin multiplying there.

If you are concerned about the health and well-being of your pet, we recommend getting in touch with a vet for guidance.

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What Are the Causes of Skin Ulcers?

There are several causes of skin ulcers. Most of the time, it’s hard for cat owners to identify the cause of skin ulcers in their cats. Some problems are easily fixed, while others require life-long treatment.

Diagnosing Skin Ulcers in Your Cat

Your vet can diagnose and treat skin ulcers. The first step is a consultation, during which they will gather a history of your cat’s condition and examine the skin. Sometimes, additional tests may be needed to diagnose your cat.

Your vet may take skin samples with a needle, swab, or piece of sticky tape. They can then look at the skin cytology in the veterinary clinic. In some cases, they may want to send samples to a laboratory for a specialist veterinary pathologist to either examine the cells or perform a bacterial/fungal culture.

Blood tests can also be helpful in ruling out underlying illnesses, and sometimes, a treatment trial of a particular medication or change in diet can help attain a diagnosis. In some cases, where cancer or an auto-immune condition is suspected, a biopsy can be the only way to get an accurate diagnosis.

This involves your cat going under anesthetic and having surgery. The vet will either take a small section of the ulcer (incisional biopsy) or remove the whole thing (excisional biopsy) and send the tissue away for further analysis.

How Do I Care for a Cat With Skin Ulcers?

If your cat has skin ulcers you should make an appointment with your veterinarian. Once that’s done, there are a few things you can do at home while you wait for your cat to be seen. First, you should fit your cat with a comfortable Elizabethan collar and keep it on at all times to stop your cat from making things worse by licking their ulcers. It will also protect any ulcers on the head from getting scratched.

You should check your cat and other pets for fleas. If your cat isn’t on a flea preventative, get them up to date. If you notice fleas, there will be eggs in the environment, which means it can take a few weeks to months to get on top of the infestation completely.

Vacuuming, washing bedding, and potentially flea-bombing your house can help; just make sure you don’t expose your pets to the harmful chemicals. All your pets should have flea medication to ensure there is nowhere for fleas to live and reproduce in your home.

Finally, you can clean the ulcers to prevent them from being infected. A gentle flush with sterile saline is a good choice, or you can clean them with a dilute chlorhexidine solution. Cleaning them two to three times a day is a good start, but your vet may still need to prescribe antibiotics.

After you visit the vet, a plan should be in place to help your cat. Sometimes, medications like antibiotics or steroids are prescribed. Your cat may also recommend a plan to combat allergies, like a change in diet or skin supplements. Omega-3 fatty acids can help with some skin complaints.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Do Cat Ulcers Heal on Their Own?

Typically, the cat’s body wants to repair the skin ulcers. Blood cells form scabs to protect the wound. The wound then becomes inflamed to draw more blood, carrying oxygen and white blood cells, into the area. These cells will help the wound heal by keeping it clean and forming a structure of healthy connective tissue for the skin to grow on.

The final stage of healing is when live skin cells start to move from the wound edges to form a new layer of skin over the wound. The smaller the ulcer, the more quickly the skin will close. Despite that, certain complications can impair the body’s healing process.

Infections, immunosuppression, and further trauma, for example, your cat licking and scratching, will delay healing. Additionally, cancer and autoimmune conditions disrupt natural healing. So, depending on why the ulcer occurred in the first place, your cat probably needs some help to recover.

Can I Put Betadine on My Cat?

Betadine contains povidone-iodine, which is an effective antiseptic used to clean the skin before surgery in some veterinary clinics. Betadine is safe for cats as long as they don’t ingest too much.

Some sensitive cats may have an allergic reaction to betadine, and you also need to follow the instructions on the bottle to ensure the correct dilution is used for it to be effective. Ingestion of large amounts of Betadine can be harmful, especially for cats sensitive to dietary iodine, like those with hyperthyroidism.

Conclusion

You’re probably at a loss for what to do when your cat has skin ulcers. The good news is that skin ulcers aren’t an emergency in themselves. However, some skin ulcers can be caused by cancer and other severe conditions that should be treated sooner rather than later. You should book an appointment with your vet if your cat has skin ulcers.

While waiting for your vet visit, attach an E-collar and bathe the ulcers with a pet-safe antiseptic like dilute chlorhexidine or sterile saline. Ensure their parasite prevention is up to date. Your vet will take it from there.

Featured Image Credit: Selsk’n’Stanta, Shutterstock

The post Skin Ulcers in Cats: Our Vet Explains the Causes, Treatment & FAQs by Dr. Ashley Darby BVSc (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Your cat is losing weight and withdrawn, so you schedule a veterinary appointment. Your veterinarian suggests several diagnostic tests that point to your cat having stomach cancer. Let’s look at stomach cancer in cats and the options available to treat it.

What Is Stomach Cancer in Cats?

Leiomyosarcoma is a cancer occurring in the stomach of cats and the intestines. It is not a common neoplasia (cancer), but it is aggressive and can metastasize or spread. Other possible cancers include lymphoma and adenocarcinoma.

Leiomyosarcoma specifically affects the smooth muscles throughout the gastrointestinal system, which use involuntary contractions to move food through the gut.  Any cat can be affected by leiomyosarcoma, but it most commonly occurs in cats older than six years of age.

What Are the Signs of Stomach Cancer in Cats?

If your cat has leiomyosarcoma, the most likely signs of this cancer involve the gastrointestinal tract. Some cats have vomiting or diarrhea. Most commonly, vomiting or diarrhea is chronic and may occur intermittently. You might notice visible blood in the stools (hematochezia) or dark, tarry stools (melena). They may start to lose weight despite your increasing feedings.

You might see less apparent signs associated with stomach cancer in cats. Your cat might develop flatulence (gas), even with no changes in food, and you might hear their stomach rumbling, also called borborygmus.

What Are the Causes of Stomach Cancer in Cats?

Unfortunately, we don’t know what causes cats to develop leiomyosarcoma, so more research is needed. As it is less common than other cancers like lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma is not well-studied in cats. Researchers know that certain viral infections, such as feline leukemia and feline immunodeficiency virus, are linked to lymphoma. Therefore, exposure to these viruses may increase the likelihood of your cat developing cancer.

If you are concerned about the health and well-being of your pet, we recommend getting in touch with a vet for guidance.

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Diagnosing Stomach Cancer in Your Cat

If your cat isn’t feeling well and exhibits signs such as vomiting and diarrhea, your veterinarian will start with a physical exam and take a thorough history. During the exam, your veterinarian will gently palpate your cat’s abdomen to see if anything feels out of the ordinary, such as lumps, thickened intestines, or abnormally large lymph nodes.

Your veterinarian might start with blood work and a fecal parasite screening test to rule out common causes of gastrointestinal distress, such as roundworms. Blood work may often be normal or reveal mild changes that don’t pinpoint a specific reason, but it is essential to rule out certain conditions. They will likely perform radiographs (X-rays) or an ultrasound, or they might refer your cat to a specialist who can perform diagnostic imaging. Endoscopy is another helpful tool, where your veterinarian can scope your cat’s stomach and take biopsy samples to evaluate for cancer cells.

How Do I Care for a Cat With Stomach Cancer?

If your cat is a candidate for surgery, your veterinarian may recommend surgery to remove a localized mass. The vet might refer you to a surgical or oncology specialist to develop the best action plan.

Unfortunately, leiomyosarcoma can metastasize to other organs. Because of this, before surgery, your veterinarian will likely perform what Is commonly called a “met check” to look for evidence of metastasis. Typically, that involves radiographs (X-rays) and potentially an ultrasound to look for evidence of cancer spread to other organs.

Your cat’s post-operative recovery will likely be at least ten to fourteen days, where they will need an Elizabethan collar or bodysuit to keep your cat from licking or chewing at their incision.

In some cases, chemotherapy may be indicated. Your veterinarian and oncologist will work together to develop the best medication regimen for your cat.

Your cat will likely need supportive care while they are being treated, including:

Your cat will likely need a diet that is easily digestible. Some diets your veterinarian could recommend include:

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

How common is stomach cancer in cats?

Stomach cancer is considered much less common in cats than in dogs. In cases of reported neoplasia in cats, only 0.4% to 0.7% were cases of tumors associated with the stomach.

Are there other types of stomach cancer in cats?

Several other cancers can affect the stomach and other areas of the gastrointestinal tract. One cancer is adenocarcinoma, which starts in the glandular tissue of the stomach and can spread. Lymphoma is another intestinal cancer in cats. It develops in lymphatic tissue and can originate or spread throughout the body.

Is stomach cancer painful for cats?

Stomach cancer can be painful, so your veterinarian might look at options to treat your cat’s discomfort. Many chemotherapy protocols utilize prednisolone, a steroid, which can also relieve some discomfort and pain. You must not give a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory like Onsior or meloxicam if your cat takes a steroid due to the risk of gastric ulcers and other complications.

Signs that your cat could be in pain include:

Conclusion

While stomach cancer is not common in cats, it is a potential cause of weight loss, vomiting, and diarrhea. Leiomyosarcoma is a cancer of the stomach and intestinal smooth muscles. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the mass if it has not spread, although your veterinarian might recommend chemotherapy as an option, especially if there is evidence of cancer metastasis. Other treatments involve highly digestible diets and symptomatic treatment, such as anti-nausea medication, as needed.

Featured Image Credit: Tyler Olson, Shutterstock

The post Stomach Cancer in Cats: Our Vet Explains the Causes, Signs & Care by Dr. Samantha Devine DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Have you ever noticed that your cat’s farts seem to smell like rotten eggs? Is there a way to prevent this unpleasant scent? That rotten egg odor is primarily due to sulfur compounds produced in the digestive process. When cats eat certain foods, especially those rich in fiber or specific types of carbohydrates, their digestion can lead to the production of gases that have a uniquely smelly odor.

Causes of Smelly Farts in Cats

Cats can have varying amounts of gas accumulate in their digestive systems, and certain factors can play a role in the production of odorous farts. Cats with sensitive digestive systems or food allergies can produce particularly stinky gas. Some cats may have difficulty digesting specific ingredients, leading to gastrointestinal distress and the production of gas.

Since cats are obligate carnivores, their digestive system is designed to efficiently process animal protein. So, dairy products, high amounts of carbohydrates or fiber, or low-quality ingredients can cause excess gas and smelly odors.

Many adult cats are lactose intolerant, meaning they have difficulty digesting lactose-containing foods properly. As a result, you may notice the unpleasant scent of rotten eggs. Sudden changes in your cat’s diet can lead to digestive upset, which can produce smelly farts. Eating spoiled food can also lead to a more prominent sulfur smell in their flatulence.

The microbes living in your cat’s intestinal system can impact the production of gases. A healthy microbiome can digest foods efficiently, thus producing less gas and pungent odor. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance of microbiomes, can produce smellier gas as a by-product of digestion, which is why you may notice a smell similar to that of rotten eggs. Medical conditions, such as infections, inflammatory bowel disease, or intestinal parasites, can upset normal digestion, leading to foul-smelling farts.

Other factors can influence flatulence, such as how fast your cat eats. Kitties that quickly gobble down their food can swallow air, which may lead to an excess of gas in their gastrointestinal tract.

How to Prevent Your Cat From Having Smelly Farts

If your cat’s farts continue to be particularly smelly or occur in addition to vomiting or diarrhea, a checkup with your veterinarian may be worthwhile in order to rule out any underlying medical conditions or dietary indiscretions. It can be particularly useful to help you manage your cat’s diet and ensure a healthy digestive tract.

Dietary changes to include more high-quality protein depending on your cat’s age, health, and lifestyle can reduce excessive gas. All new diets should be slowly transitioned over a period of 7 to 10 days to prevent digestive upset. The addition of a species-specific probiotic can contribute to a healthy microbiome. Serving smaller, more frequent meals daily can also help digestion more than a single large meal.

Play and exercise can help your cat’s digestive system move along more efficiently. Aim for two 15-minute sessions per day.

Conclusion

Farts with foul smells resembling rotten eggs in cats can be attributed to various factors, such as their dietary choices, food intolerances or allergies, the condition of their microbiome, and their eating habits. Once you understand these factors, you can take appropriate steps to reduce stinky and potentially embarrassing odors from your cat.

Featured Image Credit: Stanislaw Mikulski, Shutterstock

The post Why Do My Cats Farts Smell Like Eggs? Our Vet Explains by Dr. Stacie Grannum DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

While the jitterbug may have been a popular swing dance among humans, it’s important to remember that cats don’t normally jitter, the dance or otherwise (to a certain extent—cats can shiver if they are frightened or cold). So, if you notice that your cat is trembling, jerking, shaking with every movement, or having difficulty maintaining their balance, it is time for a check-up with your veterinarian.

What Are Tremors in Cats?

Tremors in cats are usually involuntary and rhythmic muscle contractions that lead to shaking or trembling in different areas of a cat’s body. The intensity of the tremors can vary from subtle, fine tremors to more pronounced shaking, which may impact a cat’s mobility and balance. The frequency and duration of tremors can also vary. If episodes worsen over time, there may be an underlying medical issue that necessitates veterinary attention.

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What Are the Signs of Tremors in Cats?

Cats can experience tremors in different ways, including ones that affect their limbs, paws, head, or entire body. Tremors may occur intermittently or persist for longer periods of time, and their intensity can vary. They may manifest as involuntary shaking, trembling, quivering, shivering, vibrating, wobbling, or head bobbing. Felines experiencing tremors may also exhibit a lack of coordination, trouble balancing, or struggling to walk or run. Other signs to watch out for include changes in vocalization, increased agitation, and abnormal or unusual behavior.

What Are the Causes of Tremors in Cats?

Tremors in cats can be the result of various factors, including neurological disorders, injury, infection, metabolic issues, stress, and exposure to toxins like certain plants, chemicals, or medications.

Infectious diseases or systemic infections, such as feline infectious peritonitis, can affect the nervous system, leading to tremors. Neurological damage from physical trauma or injury, such as a fall or blow to the head, can also damage the nervous system and lead to tremors. Kittens can be born with congenital issues like cerebellar hypoplasia, which affects their rate, range, and rhythm of motion.

A common metabolic issue in cats that can cause tremors is hyperthyroidism. This condition involves the overproduction of thyroid hormones, which can cause trembling. Conditions like epilepsy can also cause seizure activity that appears as tremors. Low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, can result in tremors, as the cat’s body is working hard to maintain adequate energy levels.

In addition to metabolic issues, other causes of tremors in cats include excitability and anxiousness. Stress can trigger anxiety, which may manifest as shaking. It’s also worth noting that some cats may start trembling even while at rest.

How Are Tremors Diagnosed in Cats?

If you observe your cat trembling or shaking in an unusual manner, seek evaluation and care from a qualified veterinarian. They will go over your pet’s medical history, which may include the onset, frequency, and duration of the tremors, any recent changes to the cat’s environment or diet, and any previous health issues. The vet will also conduct a thorough physical examination to assess your cat’s condition, including a neurological exam to gauge function.

They may recommend diagnostic procedures, such as blood tests to look for metabolic disorders, infections, or toxin exposure, and imaging studies, such as X-rays or ultrasound, to look for any abnormalities and to help formulate an accurate diagnosis. In some cases, it may be necessary for the veterinarian to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid or have your cat undergo an MRI to aid in identifying the cause of the tremors.

How Do I Care for a Cat With Tremors?

Regardless of the diagnosis, you’ll need to closely follow the veterinarian’s recommendations and treatment plan. This may involve giving medications, making dietary changes, or trying other therapies to help prevent or reduce tremors in your cat. Be sure to attend follow-up appointments to monitor your pet’s progress. Keeping a detailed record at home of the frequency and duration of the tremors and any triggers that you have observed can help your veterinarian assess the effectiveness of the treatment.

Create a safe and comfortable space at home by removing hazards like sharp objects, blocking fall hazards like stairs, and preventing access to pools. Ensure that your cat has easy access to food and water. Soft bedding or padding can help ease any falls due to unsteadiness.

To help your cat stay relaxed, create a peaceful and secure space for them. Using pheromone diffusers and gently playing classical music can be effective in soothing nervous or anxious felines. Providing toys and ensuring that there are enough hiding spots for your cat can help reduce their stress. Engaging your pet in regular exercise sessions can also promote physical activity and mental stimulation.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Are Certain Breeds of Cats More Prone to Tremors?

Yes, genetic factors may play a role in the development of tremors. Breeds like the Abyssinian, Siamese, Persian, and Burmese have a greater predilection to neurological disorders and tremors like feline hyperesthesia syndrome (twitchy cat syndrome).

Can My Cat’s Tremors Be Serious?

Yes, depending on several factors. Tremors occurring along with other signs, such as confusion, disorientation, lethargy, loss of appetite, or difficulty walking, need prompt veterinary attention.

Conclusion

Tremors are involuntary and rhythmic muscle contractions that can appear as shaking, trembling, jerking, or wobbling. They can be caused by neurological disorders, dysfunction, injury or damage, metabolic disorders, or toxin exposure. It is recommended to seek prompt veterinary attention for a diagnosis. The earlier a tremor is detected and treated, the better quality of life your cat will have.

Featured Image Credit: Elena Rozhenok, Shutterstock

The post Tremors in Cats: Our Vet Discusses Signs, Causes & Treatment by Dr. Stacie Grannum DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Have you ever noticed your cat pull a face as if they’ve just smelt the most disgusting thing ever? Eyes closed, mouth wide open, lip curled in, neck extended—it’s an expression that certainly resembles repulsion. This is actually a natural reflex known as the Flehmen response (sometimes referred to as the Flehmen grimace or reaction too). And, interestingly, it has nothing to do with detecting a foul smell.

Rather, it is a technique that cats (and some other species) have evolved in order to process certain pheromones. So, what is it, and why do cats do it? First, we need to understand the aforementioned pheromones.

Cat Communication and the Role of Pheromones

Pheromones are messenger molecules that cats use to communicate with each other. They are chemical substances that are secreted outside of the body in fluids like urine and sweat. Essentially, pheromones are a hidden form of communication. Certain species use them as signals from one individual to another.

What Is the Flehmen Response in Cats?

The Flehmen response is a normal behavioral response that cats “perform” when they detect certain pheromones. In day-to-day life, cats are constantly responding to stimuli; these stimuli can be odors, pheromones, sounds, tastes, and more. By using the Flehmen response, cats are able to process smells and pheromones, and then access the information it might be telling them.

The point of the Flehmen response is to bring the air holding the scent or odor over something called the vomeronasal organ (also referred to as the Jacobson’s organ). When cats perform the Flehmen response, two small ducts behind the incisor teeth of the top jaw open up. The opening of these ducts allows the scent or pheromone to travel to the vomeronasal organ.

This organ is a small little bump on the roof of the mouth that processes pheromones and hormones—not just those of other cats, but also potential predator and prey species. It perceives the scent as something more than just a scent, but less than a vibration.

From here, the signals travel to the smell center of the brain, and then to the hypothalamus. This is a very important and busy part of the brain that can influence reproductive hormones and behavior.

We’ve broken the pathway down into several steps, but in real time the whole process occurs in seconds, or less. Your cat can then decide what to do with the acquired information. They might run or they might do nothing; they might urinate or sleep; or they might go looking for a potential mating partner.

What Does the Flehmen Response Look Like?

If you haven’t caught your cat actually carrying out a Flehmen response, you’re probably wondering what this remarkable and curious face-pulling actually looks like.

Your cat will assume a facial expression as if they have smelt something very unpleasant. They usually hold their mouths wide open and curl their upper lip. This exposes the upper front teeth, known as the incisors. While they do all of this, cats are breathing in to transmit the scent to that vomeronasal organ in their mouth.

In some instances, cats will stretch their neck out or hold their head at a funny angle to optimize the processing of the scents and odors. Your cat will only hold this pose for a minute or less, before resuming their normal expression and activities. If the messages aren’t super clear, they may perform the Flehmen response a second or third time.

What Causes the Flehmen Response in Cats?

It would seem logical that the Flehmen response is an involuntary or instinctive action, but cats actually have to decide to do it. The Flehmen response is a voluntary action taken by cats when they are exposed to an interesting odor or pheromone of another animal (typically another cat).

The Flehmen response is commonly used by male cats smelling female cats’ urine to assess if she is ready to mate. However, it can be used by any cat when they come across a scent that they deem worthy of further investigation.

Do I Need to Be Worried About the Flehmen Response?

No—the Flehmen response is perfectly normal cat behavior. Despite its strange appearance, there is nothing to worry about, and your cat is not in any discomfort or pain. Your cat will normally be perfectly calm.

The Flehmen response should be distinguished from cats that are breathing with their mouth open for a prolonged period of time. These cats will normally be in distress and have labored or rapid breathing. Open-mouth breathing certainly is concerning and warrants a visit to the veterinarian.

Conclusion

Many other animals exhibit the Flehmen response, including horses, giraffes, lions, tigers, and more. Some people may have a vomeronasal organ, but they are not functional in people; in other words, they are a remnant of evolution that we do not use.

We hope this article has helped you understand this unique behavior from your feline!

Featured Image Credit: Bea Llonador, Shutterstock

The post Why Do Cats Open Their Mouth When They Smell? Reasons Explained (Vet Answer) by Dr. Joe Mallat DVM (Veterinarian) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.